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Chapter 17 - Mechanics of Breathing
Chapter 17 - Mechanics of Breathing Notecards
176
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
12/13/2012
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Term
__________ creates a humid environment for the exchange of gases with the blood and protects the delicate exchange of surface from damage.
 Definition
1) Internalization
Term
Air flow requires a __________ __________ to create pressure gradients.
 Definition
1) Muscular pump
Term
More complex respiratory systems consists of what two separate components?
 Definition
1) Muscle-driven pump
2) Thin moist exchange surface
Term
What are the four primary functions of the respiratory system?
 Definition
1) Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood
2) Homeostatic regulation of body pH by the lungs
3) Protection from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances
4) Vocalization
Term
The respiratory system serves as a significant source of __________ and __________ loss.
 Definition
1) Water
2) Heat
Term
The __________ __________ __________ __________ is the exchange of air between the environment and the interior space of the lungs.
 Definition
1) Bulk flow of air
Term
What are the three principle the bulk flow of air follows?
 Definition
1) Flow takes place from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure
2) A muscular pump creates pressure gradients
3) Resistance to air flow is influenced primarily by the diameter of the tubes through which the air is flowing.
Term
__________ is a less viscous, compressible mixture of gases while __________ is a noncompressible liquid.
 Definition
1) Air
2) Blood
Term
__________ __________ refers to the intracellular reaction of oxygen with organic molecules to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP.
 Definition
1) Cellular respiration
Term
__________ __________ is the movement of gases between the environment and the body's cells.
 Definition
1) External respiration
Term
What are the four integrated processes external respiration can be divided into?
 Definition
1) The exchange of air between the atmosphere and lungs
2) The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the blood
3) The transport of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the blood
4) The exchange of gases between blood and the cells
Term
__________ or breathing is the process of air exchange between the atmosphere and lungs.
 Definition
1) Ventilation
Term
External respiration requires coordination between the __________ and __________ systems.
 Definition
1) Respiratory
2) Cardiovascular
Term
What are the three sets of structures of the respiratory system involved in ventilation and gas exchange?
 Definition
1) The conducting system of passages or airways that lead from the external environment to the exchange surface of the lungs
2) The alveoli a series of interconnected sacs and their associated pulmonary capillaries that form the exchange surface
3) The bones and muscles of the thorax that assist in ventilation
Term
The __________ __________ of passages or __________ lead from the external environment to the exchange surface of the lungs.
 Definition
1) Conducting system
2) Airways
Term
The __________ are a series of interconnected sacs and their associated __________ __________ which for the exchange surface in which oxygen moves from inhaled air to the blood and carbon dioxide moves from the blood to air that is about to be exhaled.
 Definition
1) Alveoli
2) Pulmonary capillaries
Term
The __________ __________ __________ consists of the mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.
 Definition
1) Upper respiratory tract
Term
The __________ __________ __________ consists of the trachea, two primary bronchi, their branches, and the lungs.
 Definition
1) Lower respiratory tract
Term
The lower tract of the respiratory system is also known as the __________ __________ of the respiratory system because it is enclosed in the __________.
 Definition
1) Thoracic portion
2) Thorax
Term
The ribs, spine, and diaphragm compose the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Thoracic cage
Term
Two sets of __________ __________, internal and external, connect the 12 pairs of ribs.
 Definition
1) Intercostal muscles
Term
The __________ and the __________ run from the head and neck to the sternum and first two ribs.
 Definition
1) Sternocleidomastoids
2) Scalenes
Term
The __________ is a sealed container filled with three membranous bags or sacs.
The __________ __________ contains the heart.
The other two bags, the __________ __________, each surround a lung.
 Definition
1) Thorax
2) Pericardial sac
3) Pleural sacs
Term
The __________ consist of light, spongy tissue whose volume is occupied mostly by air-filled spaces.
 Definition
1) Lungs
Term
The __________ connect the lungs to the main airway, the trachea.
 Definition
1) Bronchi
Term
Each __________ __________ or __________, contains several layers of elastic connective tissue and numerous capillaries.
 Definition
1) Pleural membrane
2) Pleura
Term
Each pleural membrane or pleura contains several layers of elastic __________ tissue.
 Definition
1) Connective
Term
The opposing layers of pleural membrane are held together by a thin film of __________ __________ whose total volume is only about __________-__________ mL in a 70-kg man.
 Definition
1) Pleural fluid
2) 25-30
Term
What are the two functions of the pleural fluid?
 Definition
1) It creates a moist, slippery surface so that the opposing membranes can slide across one another as the lungs move within the thorax.
2) It holds the lungs tight against the thoracic wall
Term
Air enter the upper respiratory tract through the __________ and __________ and passes into the __________, a common passageway for food, liquids, and air.
 Definition
1) Mouth
2) Nose
3) Pharynx (throat)
Term
From the pharynx air flows through the __________ into the __________ or windpipe.
 Definition
1) Larynx
2) Trachea
Term
The larynx contains the __________ __________, __________ tissue bands that vibrate and tighten to create sound when air moves past them.
 Definition
1) Vocal cords
2) Connective
Term
The trachea extends down into the thorax where it branches (__________ __________) into a pair of __________ __________, one bronchus to each lung.
Within the lung, it branches repeatedly (__________ __________) into progressively smaller bronchi.
 Definition
1) Division 1
2) Primary bronchi
3) Division 2-11
Term
Within the lungs, the smallest bronchi branch to become __________, small collapsible passageways with walls of __________ muscle. They continue branching (__________ __________) until the __________ __________ form a transition between the airways and the exchange epithelium of the lung.
 Definition
1) Bronchioles
2) Smooth
3) Divisions 12-23
4) Respiratory bronchioles
Term
The total __________-__________ __________ increases with each division of the airways.
 Definition
1) Cross-sectional area
Term
Total cross sectional area is lowest in the __________ __________ __________ and greatest in the __________.
 Definition
1) Upper respiratory tract
2) Bronchioles
Term
What are the three components of conditioning?
 Definition
1) Warming air to body temperature
2) Adding water vapor until the air reaches 100% humidity
3) Filtering out foreign material
Term
Breathing through the __________ is not nearly as effective at warming and moistening air as breathing through the __________.
 Definition
1) Mouth
2) Nose
Term
Air is filtered both in the __________ and the __________. These airways are lined with __________ __________ whose cilia are bathed in a watery saline layer which is produced when __________ secreted into the lumen by apical anion channels draw __________ into the lumen through the paracellular pathway.
 Definition
1) Trachea
2) Bronchi
3) Ciliated epithelium
4) Cl-
5) Na+
Term
The __________ __________, whose malfunction causes cystic fibrosis, is one of the anion channels found on the apical surface of this epithelium.
 Definition
1) CFTR channel
Term
Muscles of the __________, __________, and __________ create the force to move air during breathing.
 Definition
1) Thorax
2) Neck
3) Abdomen
Term
The right lung is divided into __________ lobes and the left lung is divided into __________ lobes.
 Definition
1) Right
2) Left
Term
The mucus layer found over the cilia is secreted by __________ __________ in the __________.
 Definition
1) Goblet cells
2) Epithelium
Term
The cilia beat with an upward motion that moves mucus continuously toward the pharynx, creating the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Mucociliary escalator
Term
Mucus contains __________ that can disable many pathogens.
 Definition
1) Immunoglobulins
Term
In the disease __________ __________, inadequate ion secretion decreases fluid movement in the airways.
Without the saline layer, __________ become trapped in thick, sticky mucus.
 Definition
1) Cystic fibrosis
2) Cilia
Term
The __________ clustered at the ends of terminal bronchioles compose the bulk of lung tissue.
 Definition
1) Alveoli
Term
The purpose of the __________ is to perform the exchange of gases between themselves and the blood.
 Definition
1) Alveoli
Term
__________ __________ __________ __________ synthesize and secrete a chemical known as surfactant.
 Definition
1) Type II alveolar cells
Term
__________ mixes with the thin fluid lining of the alveoli to aid lungs as they expand during breathing.
 Definition
1) Surfactant
Term
__________ __________ __________ help minimize the amount of fluid present in the alveoli by transporting solutes, followed by water, out of the alveolar air space.
 Definition
1) Type II cells
Term
__________ __________ __________ __________ occupy about 95% of the alveolar surface area and are thin so that cases can diffuse rapidly through them.
 Definition
1) Type I alveolar cells
Term
True or False: Lung tissue itself cannot contract.
 Definition
1) True
Term
__________ tissue between alveolar epithelial cells may contain __________ and __________ __________ that create elastic recoil when lung tissue is stretched.
 Definition
1) Connective
2) Elastin
3) Collagen fibers
Term
__________ __________ fill 80-90% of the space between alveoli; this is because proximity of __________ __________ to __________ __________ is essential for the rapid exchange of gases.
 Definition
1) Blood vessels
2) Capillary blood
3) Alveolar air
Term
What are the four steps in the process of saline secretion?
 Definition
1) NKCC brings Cl- into epithelial cells from ECF
2) Apical anion channels, including CFTR, allow Cl- to enter the lumen
3) Na+ goes from ECF to lumen by the paracellular pathway, drawn by the electrochemical gradient
4) NaCl movement from ECF to lumen create a concentration gradient so water follows into the lumen
Term
At any given moment the pulmonary circulation contains about 0.5 L of blood, or __________ of total blood volume.
About __________ mL is found in the __________, where gas exchange takes place, with remainder in the __________ __________ and __________.
 Definition
1) 10%R
2) 75
3) Capillaries
4) Pulmonary arteries
5) Pulmonary veins
Term
The rate of blood flow in the __________ is much higher than the rate in other tissues.
 Definition
1) Lungs
Term
Despite the high blood flow rate in the lungs, __________ blood pressure is low. The __________ __________ does not have to pump as forcefully to create blood flow through the lungs because resistance of the __________ __________ is low.
 Definition
1) Pulmonary
2) Right ventricle
3) Pulmonary circulation
Term
What are the two reasons for lower resistance for pulmonary circulation?
 Definition
1) Shorter total length of pulmonary blood vessels
2) Distensibility and large total cross-sectional area of pulmonary arterioles
Term
__________ __________ states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by the individual gases.
 Definition
1) Dalton's law
Term
The pressure of a single gas in a mixture is known as its __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Partial pressure
Term
Air flow occurs whenever there is a __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Pressure gradient
Term
Movement of the __________ during breathing creates alternating conditions of high and low pressure in the lungs.
 Definition
1) Thorax
Term
Boyle's law states that if the __________ of a gas is reduced, the __________ increases (and vice-versa).
 Definition
1) Reduced
2) Pressure
Term
When __________ __________ increases, __________ pressure falls, and air flows into the respiratory system (and vice-versa).
 Definition
1) Chest volume
2) Alveolar
Term
A single __________ __________ consists of an inspiration followed by an expiration.
 Definition
1) Respiratory cycle
Term
A __________ measures the volume of air moved with each breath.
 Definition
1) Spirometer
Term
The air moved during breathing is divided into what four categories?
 Definition
1) Tidal volume
2) Inspiratory reserve volume
3) Expiratory reserve volume
4) Residual volume
Term
The volume of air that moves during a single inspiration or expiration is known as the __________ __________; it is normally __________ mL
 Definition
1) Tidal volume
2) 500
Term
The additional volume you inspire above the tidal volume represents your __________ __________ __________; it is normally about __________ mL.
 Definition
1) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
2) 3000
Term
The amount of air forcefully exhaled after the end of a normal expiration is the __________ __________ __________; it is normally about __________ mL.
 Definition
1) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
2) 1100
Term
The volume of air in the respiratory system after maximal exhalation is called the __________ __________; it is normally __________ mL
 Definition
1) Residual volume (RV)
2) 1200
Term
The sum of two or more lung volumes is called a __________.
The __________ __________ is the sum of the inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and tidal volume.
 Definition
1) Capacity
2) Vital capacity (VC)
Term
A __________ __________ represents the maximum amount of air that can be voluntarily moved into or out of the respiratory system with one breath.
 Definition
1) Vital capacity (VC)
Term
Vital capacity plus the residual volume yield the __________ __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Total lung capacity (TLC)
Term
The __________ __________ is the tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume; the __________ __________ __________ is the expiratory reserve volume and residual volume.
 Definition
1) Inspiratory capacity
2) Functional residual capacity
Term
The primary muscles involved in quiet breathing are the __________, the __________ __________, and the __________.
 Definition
1) Diaphragm
2) External intercostals
3) Scalenes
Term
Air flows in response to a __________ _________ and __________ decreases as the __________ of the system increases.
 Definition
1) Pressure gradient
2) Flow
3) Resistance
Term
For air to move into the alveoli, pressure inside the __________ must become lower than __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Lungs
2) Atmospheric pressure
Term
When the diaphragm contracts, it drops down towards the __________.
 Definition
1) Abdomen
Term
During inhalation, the __________ __________ and __________ muscles contract and pull the ribs upward and out.
 Definition
1) External intercostal
2) Scalene
Term
As __________ __________ increases, __________ decreases and air flows into the lungs.
 Definition
1) Thoracic volume
2) Pressure
Term
If an individual's scalenes are paralyzed, inspiration is achieved primarily by contraction of the __________.
 Definition
1) Diaphragm
Term
Normally the scalenes contribute to inspiration by lifting the __________ and __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Sternum
2) Upper ribs
Term
The __________ __________ and __________ are known as the inspiratory muscles
 Definition
1) External intercostals
2) Scalenes
Term
At __________ __________ seconds, alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, resulting in no air flow.
 Definition
1) Time 0 seconds
Term
At __________ __________-__________ seconds, inspiration begins with inspiratory muscles contracting and the thoracic volume increasing.
With the increase in volume, __________ pressure falls about 1 mmHg below __________ pressure and air flows into the __________.
 Definition
1) Time 0-2 seconds
2) Alveolar
3) Atmospheric
4) Alveoli
Term
Alveolar pressure reaches its lowest value about halfway through __________.
 Definition
1) Inspiration
Term
At the end of inspiration, __________ __________ is at its maximum for the respiratory cycle, and __________ pressure is equal to __________ pressure.
 Definition
1) Lung volume
2) Alveolar
3) Atmospheric
Term
Since expiration during quiet breathing involves passive elastic recoil rather than active muscle contraction, it is called __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Passive expiration
Term
At __________ __________-__________ seconds, expiration occurs with __________ and __________ volumes decreasing and air pressure in the lungs increasing to a maximum of about 1 mmHg above atmospheric pressure.
 Definition
1) Time 2-4
2) Lung
3) Thoracic
Term
During expiration, __________ pressure becomes higher than __________ pressure, resulting in air moving out of the lungs.
 Definition
1) Alveolar
2) Atmospheric
Term
At __________ __________ seconds, expiration ends and air movement ceases as the __________ pressure is again equal to __________ pressure.
 Definition
1) Time 4
2) Alveolar
3) Atmospheric
Term
Lung volume reaches its minimum for the respiration cycle at __________ __________ seconds or the end of expiration.
 Definition
1) Time 3
Term
__________ __________ occurs during voluntary exhalations and when ventilation exceeds 30-40 breaths per minute.
 Definition
1) Active expiration
Term
Active expiration uses the __________ __________ and __________ muscles which are not used during inspiration.
 Definition
1) Internal intercostal
2) Abdominal
Term
The __________ __________ and __________ muscles are collectively called the expiratory muscles
 Definition
1) Internal intercostals
2) Abdominals
Term
The __________ __________ muscles line the inside of the rib cage. When they contract, they pull the ribs inward, reducing the volume of the __________ cavity.
 Definition
1) Internal intercostal
2) Thoracic
Term
The __________ and __________ __________ function as antagonistic muscle groups to alter the position and volume of the rib cage during ventilation.
 Definition
1) Internal intercostals
2) External intercostals
Term
Abdominal contraction pulls the lower __________ __________ inward and decreases __________ volume, actions that displace the intestines and liver upward. The displaced viscera push the __________ up into the thoracic cavity and passively decreases __________ volume even more.
 Definition
1) Rib cage
2) Abdominal
3) Diaphragm
4) Chest
Term
Example of disease that affect the motor control of ventilation include __________ __________ an illness in which acetylcholine (Ach) receptors of the motor end plates of skeletal muscles are destroyed, and __________ a viral illness that paralyzes skeletal muscles.
 Definition
1) Myasthenia gravis
2) Polio
Term
The surface of the lungs is covered by the __________ __________ and the portion of the sac that lines the thoracic cavity is called the __________ __________.
__________ forces exerted by the fluid between the two pleural membranes cause the stretchable lung to adhere to the __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Visceral pleura
2) Parietal pleura
3) Cohesive
4) Thoracic cage
Term
__________ is characterized by a loss of elastin, the elastic fibers that help the alveoli to recoil during expiration.
 Definition
1) Emphysema
Term
__________ are the elastic fibers which help the alveoli to recoil during expiration.
 Definition
1) Elastin
Term
Elastin is destroyed by __________, an enzyme released by alveolar macrophages.
 Definition
1) Elastase
Term
Air in the __________ __________ breaks the fluid bond holding the lung to the chest wall.
 Definition
1) Pleural cavity
Term
__________ is a condition in which air in the pleural cavity breaks the fluid bond holding the lung to the chest wall. As a result, the chest wall expands outward while the elastic lung collapses, becoming unable to function normally.
 Definition
1) Pneumothorax
Term
What are the two steps for correcting pneumothorax?
 Definition
1) Removing as much air from the pleural cavity as possible
2) Resealing the hole to prevent more air from entering
Term
At the beginning of inspiration, intrapleural pressure is about __________ mmHg. At the conclusion, it is about __________ mmHg.
 Definition
1) -3
2) -6
Term
When inspiration occurs, the __________ __________ and __________ follow the expanding thoracic cage because of the __________ __________ bond, but the elastic __________ __________ resists being stretched.
 Definition
1) Pleural membranes
2) Lungs
3) Pleural fluid
4) Lung tissue
Term
Pressure gradients required for air flows are created by the work of __________ muscle contraction.
 Definition
1) Skeletal
Term
What two factors have the greatest influence on the amount of work needed for breathing?
 Definition
1) Stretchability of the lungs
2) Resistance of airways to airflow
Term
The ability of the lung to stretch is called __________.
 Definition
1) Compliance
Term
Most of the work of breathing goes into overcoming the resistance of the __________ __________ and the __________ __________ to stretching.
 Definition
1) Elastic lungs
2) Thoracic cage
Term
__________ refers to the amount of force that must be exerted in a body to deform it.
 Definition
1) compliance
Term
Compliance is the reciprocal of __________ (elastic recoil) which is the ability to resist being deformed.
 Definition
1) Elastance
Term
__________ also refers to the ability of a body to return to its original shape when a deforming force is removed.
 Definition
1) Elastance
Term
Destruction of __________ results in lungs that exhibit high __________ and stretch easily during inspiration.
However, these lungs also have decreased __________ so they do not recoil to their resting position during expiraiton.
 Definition
1) Elastin
2) Compliance
3) Elastance
Term
A decrease in lung __________ affects ventilation because more work must be expended to stretch a stiff lung.
 Definition
1) Compliance
Term
Pathological conditions in which compliance is reduced are called __________ __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Restrictive lung diseases
Term
What are the two common causes of decreased compliance?
 Definition
1) Inelastic scar tissue formed in fibrotic lung diseases
2) Inadequate alveolar produciton of surfactant
Term
__________ __________ is characterized by the development of stiff, fibrous scar tissue that restricts lung inflation.
 Definition
1) Pulmonary fibrosis
Term
__________ __________ is a condition which cannot be reversed.
 Definition
1) Pulmonary fibrosis
Term
The __________ __________ __________ is an expression that states that the pressure (P) inside a bubble formed by a fluid film is a function of two factors: the surface tension of the fluid (T) and the radius of the bubble (r).
 Definition
1) Law of LaPlace
Term
According to the law of LaPlace, more work is needed to expand smaller __________.
 Definition
1) Alveoli
Term
__________ are molecules that disrupt cohesive forces between water molecules by substituting themselves for water at the surface.
 Definition
1) Surfactants
Term
In the lungs surfactant decreases __________ __________ of the __________ fluid and thereby decreases resistance of the lung to stretch.
 Definition
1) Surface tension
2) Alveolar
Term
Surfactant is more concentrated in __________ alveoli, making their __________ __________ less than in __________ alveoli.
 Definition
1) Smaller
2) Surface tension
3) Larger
Term
What are the two effects lower surface tensions has on alveoli?
 Definition
1) Equalized pressure among alveoli of different sizes and makes it easier to inflate smaller alveoli
2) Work needed to expand the alveoli with each breath is greatly reduced
Term
Babies who are born prematurely without adequate concentrations of surfactant in their alveoli develop __________ __________ __________ __________ (NRDS).
 Definition
1) Newborn respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)
Term
Babies who have NRDS have "stiff) (low __________) lungs and __________ which collapse whenever they exhale.
 Definition
1) Compliance
2) Alveoli
Term
What are the three parameters which contribute to resistance?
 Definition
1) The system's length
2) Viscosity of the substance flowing through the system
3) Radius of the tubes in the system
Term
What are two ways air viscosity may change?
 Definition
1) Water droplets in a sauna filled steam room increase the viscosity of steamy air, increasing its resistance to flow
2) Viscosity changes with atmospheric pressure, decreasing as pressure decreases
Term
Nearly 90% of airway resistance normally can be attributed to the __________ and __________ which have the smallest total cross-sectional area.
 Definition
1) Trachea
2) Bronchi
Term
The __________ are collapsible tubes that have a cross-sectional area about 2000 times that of the trachea; however, a decrease in their diameter can suddenly turn them into a significant source of airway resistance.
 Definition
1) Bronchioles
Term
__________ increases resistant to air flow and decreases the amount of fresh air that reaches the alveoli.
 Definition
1) Bronchoconstriction
Term
Most minute-to-minute changes in bronchiolar diameter occur in response to __________.
 Definition
1) Paracrines
Term
Increased carbon dioxide in expired air relaxes bronchiolar smooth muscle and causes __________.
 Definition
1) Bronchodilation
Term
__________ is a paracrine that acts as a powerful bronchoconstrictor.
 Definition
1) Histamine
Term
Histamine is a paracrine chemical released by __________ __________ in response to tissue damage or allergic reactions.
 Definition
1) Mast cells
Term
The primary neural control of bronchioles comes from __________ __________ that causes bronchoconstriction, a reflex designed to protect the lower respiratory tract from inhaled irritants.
 Definition
1) Parasympathetic neurons
Term
Stimulation of __________-__________ by __________ relax airway smooth muscle to return bronchioles from bronchoconstriction to bronchodilation.
 Definition
1) B-receptors
2) Epinephrine
Term
The __________ __________ __________, or minute volume, is the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs each minute.
 Definition
1) Total pulmonary ventilation
Term
The total pulmonary ventilation is calculated by multiplying the __________ __________ and __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Ventilation rate
2) Tidal volume
Term
__________ __________ is a better indication of how much fresh air reaches the alveoli.
 Definition
1) Alveolar ventilation
Term
Alveolar ventilation is calculated by multiplying the __________ __________ by the difference between __________ __________ and __________ __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Ventilation rate
2) Tidal volume
3) Dead space volume
Term
Since the conducting airways do not exchange gases with the blood, they are known as __________ __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Anatomic dead space
Term
What are the four steps in the process of ventilation?
 Definition
1) At the end of inspiration, dead space is filled with fresh air
2) Exhale 500 mL (tidal volume)
3) At the end of expiration, the dead space is filled with "stale" air from alveoli
4) Inhale 500 mL of fresh air (tidal volume)
Term
The normal ventilation rate for an adult is __________-__________ breaths.
 Definition
1) 12-20
Term
Air that enters the respiratory system but does not reach alveoli because it remains in the conducting airways (such as the trachea and bronchi) is known as __________ __________ __________; it averages about __________ mL.
 Definition
1) Anatomic dead space
2) 150
Term
__________ __________ is the amount of fresh air that reaches the alveoli each minute.
 Definition
1) Alveolar ventilation
Term
__________ __________ __________ which involves breathing as deeply and quickly as possible, may increase total pulmonary ventilation to as much as __________ L / min.
 Definition
1) Maximum voluntary ventilation
2) 170
Term
As alveolar ventilation increases above normal levels during __________, alveolar PO2 increases and alveolar PCO2 falls.
During __________, when less fresh air enters the alveoli, alveolar PO2 decreases and alveolar PCO2 increases.
 Definition
1) Hyperventilation
2) Hypoventilation
Term
__________ is normal, quiet breathing.
 Definition
1) Eupnea
Term
__________ is increased respiratory rate and / or volume in response to increased metabolism, as when one exercises.
 Definition
1) Hyperpnea
Term
__________ is increased respiratory rate and / or volume without an increased metabolism, as during emotional hyperventilation or blowing up a balloon.
 Definition
1) Hyperventilation
Term
__________ is decreased alveolar ventilation which occurs during shallow breathing, asthma, or restrictive lung disease.
 Definition
1) Hypoventilation
Term
__________ is rapid breathing; it is usually characterized by an increased respiratory rate with decreased depth and occurs during panting.
 Definition
1) Tachypnea
Term
__________ is difficult breathing (a subjective feeling sometimes described as "air hunger")
 Definition
1) Dyspnea
Term
__________ is the cessation of breathing that occurs when you voluntarily hold your breath.
 Definition
1) Apnea
Term
Alterations in pulmonary blood flow depend almost exclusively on properties of the __________ and on such local factors as the concentrations of __________ and __________ __________ in the lung tissue.
 Definition
1) Capillaries
2) Oxygen
3) Carbon dioxide
Term
Blood flow is directed toward the __________ of the lung because of higher __________ __________ of the capillaries due to gravity.
 Definition
1) Base
2) Hydrostatic pressure
Term
Bronchiolar diameter is mediated primarily by __________ __________ levels in exhaled air passing through them.
An increase in the percentage of CO2 of expired air causes bronchioles to __________; a decrease causes them to __________.
 Definition
1) Carbon dioxide
2) Dilate
3) Constrict
Term
A low percentage of oxygen causes __________ of pulmonary arterioles; in system circulation a low percentage of oxygen causes __________ of local arterioles.
 Definition
1) Constriction
2) Dilation
Term
__________ __________ mechanisms are not effective regulators of air and blood flow under all circumstances.
 Definition
1) Local control
Term
As alveolar ventilation increases, alveolar __________ increases and __________ decreases (and vice-versa when alveolar ventilation decreases).
 Definition
1) PO2
2) PCO2
Term
When air flow is reduced, breathing sounds may be either __________ or __________.
 Definition
1) Diminished
2) Absent
Term
Inflammation of the pleural membrane results in a crackling or grating sound known as a __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Friction rub
Term
A __________ __________ is caused by swollen, inflamed pleural membranes rubbing against each other, and it disappears when fluid again separates them.
 Definition
1) Friction rub
Term
Diseases in which air flow is diminished because of increased airway resistance are known as __________ __________ __________.
 Definition
1) Obstructive lung diseases
Term
__________ and __________ __________ are often characterizes as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs) because of their ongoing, chronic, nature.
 Definition
1) Emphysema
2) Chronic bronchitis
Term
__________ __________ __________ results from obstruction of the upper airway often due to abnormal relaxation of the muscles of the pharynx and tongue that increases airway resistance during inspiration.
 Definition
1) Obstructive sleep apnea
Term
__________ is an inflammatory condition often associated with allergies characterized by bronchoconstriction and airway edema.
 Definition
1) Asthma
Term
__________ are lipid-like bronchoconstrictors that released during the inflammatory response.
 Definition
1) Leukotrienes
Term
Asthma is treated with inhaled and oral medications that include what?
 Definition
1) B2-adrenergic agonists
2) Anti-inflammatory drugs
3) Leukotriene antagonists
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