Term
| How many Americans die of heart disease every year? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the American Heart Association (AHA), how many of all US deaths in 2007 were attributable to heart disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Situated or occurring behind the sternum. |
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Definition
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Term
| How much does the heart weigh? |
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Definition
| Between 250g and 350g (about 9 ounces) 911 |
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Term
| How much blood does the how circulate around the body everyday? |
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Definition
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Term
| The palpable beat of the apex of the heart against the chest wall during ventricular contraction; normally palpated in the fifth left intercostal space in the midclavicular line. |
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Definition
| Point of Maximal Impulse (PMI) 911 |
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Term
| What is the tough fibrous sac that surrounds the heart and is designed to protect the heart and provide lubrication between the heart and surrounding structures? |
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Definition
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Term
| What consists of a thin membrane that forms the outmost layer of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the muscular middle layer of the heart and is composed of specialized cardiac fibers that can spontaneously contract? |
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Definition
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Term
| What consists of a thin membrane that lines the inside of the heart's cavitites and form the valves. Plays a vital role in reducing turbulence inside the heart as blood travels through the chambers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the superficial layer of the pericardium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What anchors the heart within the mediastinum an surrounding vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the deep layer of the pericardium and it is fused to the epicardium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a small amount of fluid that accumulates in the pericardial sac? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a large amount of fluid that accumulates in the pericardial sac? |
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Definition
| Pericardial Tamponade 911 |
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Term
| How does oxygenated blood reach the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the coronary arteries branch off the aorta just above the leaflets of the aortic valve? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many coronary arteries are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the left main coronary artery subdivide into? |
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Definition
| Left Anterior Descending Artery (LAD) and Circumflex Coronary Artery (LCx) 911 |
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Term
| What artery supplies the more muscular left ventricle of the heart along with he interventricular septum and part of the right ventricle? |
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Definition
| Left Anterior Descending Artery and Circumflex Coronary Artery 911 |
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Term
| What artery travels between the right atrium an right ventricle by way of the atrioventricular groove? |
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Definition
| Right Coronary Artery (RCA) 911 |
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Term
| Which artery supply the right atrium and ventricle and part of the left ventricle with oxygen-rich blood? |
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Definition
| Right Coronary Artery (RCA) 911 |
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Term
| What is the numerous connections between arterioles of the various coronary arteries allow for the development of alternative routes of blood flow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the formation of additional blood vessels connecting arterioles originating from other blood vessels? |
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Definition
| Collateral Circulation 911 |
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Term
| The groove along the exterior surface of the heart that separates the atria frm the ventricles. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a large vessel in the posterior part of the coronary sulcus, which in turn ends up in the right atrium of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is defined as the increase in preload pressure as a result in atrial contraction and accounts for 10-40% of ventricular filling? |
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Definition
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Term
| What represents a complete depolarization and repolarization of the atria and ventricles? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long is the relaxation phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much fills the ventricles during the relaxation phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does it take for systole completion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction of the left side of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| The resistance which the ventricles contract. |
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Definition
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Term
| What consist of all blood vessels between the left ventricle and right atrium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What consists of all blood vessels between the right ventricle and left atrium? |
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Definition
| Pulmonary Circulation 913 |
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Term
| What are the two principal types of blood vessels in the human body? |
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Definition
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Term
| The outer layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic and fibrous connective tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| The smooth, thin, inner linning of a blood vessel. |
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Definition
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Term
| The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demand. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the opening within the blood vessel? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial walls? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the network of microscopic blood vessels between the tiny arterioles and venules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the amount of blood that is pumped out by either ventricle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal cardiac output for an average adult? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the amount of blood pumped out by either ventricle in a single contraction (heartbeat)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal stroke volume? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much can a healthy heart increase its stroke volume? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the number of cardiac contractions per minute? |
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Definition
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Term
| The percentage of blood that leaves the heart each time it contracts and is usually measured from the left ventricle because it is the primary pump. |
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Definition
| Ejection Fraction (EF) 915 |
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Term
| What is the normal ejection fraction of the left ventricle? |
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Definition
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Term
| A characteristic of cardiac muscle that enables it, when stretched, to contract with greater force. |
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Definition
| Frank-Starling Mechanism 917 |
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Term
| The heart can also vary the degree of contraction of its muscle without changing the stretch on the muscle-a property called ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What refers to affecting the contractility of muscle tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is increasing the heart's rate of contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are four important properties that help the heart to function as an efficient machine? |
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Definition
| Excitability, Conductivity, Automaticity, and Contractility 918 |
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Term
| What allows these cells to respond to an electrical impulse? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enables cardiac cells to pass an electrical impulse from one cell to another? |
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Definition
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Term
| The heart muscle is unique among body tissues because it can generate its own electrical impulses without stimulation from nerves, a property known as _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What refers to heart cells' ability to contract? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the area of conduction tissue in which the electrical activity arises at any given time? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the SA node receive blood? |
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Definition
| Right Coronary Artery 918 |
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Term
| What is the interatrial pathway that connects the right and left atria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What a branch of the Bachmann bundle that forms a pathway between the SA and AV nodes? |
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Definition
| Anterior Internodal Pathway 918 |
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Term
| What forms the middle internodal tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the last of the internodal pathways and is represented by the posterior internodal pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| What node serves as a gatekeeper to the ventricles? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of the atria's blood fills the ventricles by gravity? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of blood fills the ventricle by the atrial kick? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the effect on the velocity of conduction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process by which muscle fibers are stimulated to contract? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is straining against a closed glottis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 main groups of leads? |
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Definition
| Limb Leads and Precordial Leads 938 |
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Term
| What are leads that contain a positive and negative pole? |
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Definition
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Term
| What leads contain one true pole? |
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Definition
| Augmented Unipolar Leads 940 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What leads are augmented unipolar? |
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Definition
| Leads aVR, aVL, aVF, and precordial 940 |
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Term
| What are waves containing both a positive and negative component? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is indicative of a noncompliant valve, such as the mitral valve found in a patient who has a history of rheumatic fever? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a high pitched sound occurs just after the S1 sound: it may indicate a dilated pulmonary artery or septal defect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What creates a to and fro sound that can be heard in systole and diastole? |
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Definition
| Pericardial friction rub 935 |
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Term
| What is an ambiguous sound that is associated with turbulent blood flow through the heart valves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a vibration that occurs frequently and remains constant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a high pitched sound during the diastole phase that indicates a thickend pericardium that is limiting how far the ventricle can expand during the diastole phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What occurs when the palpated radial pulse rate is less than the apical pulse rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What pulse alternates between strong and weak beats and typically is represntative of left ventricular systolic damage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is dysrhythmia that arises from irritable spots in the myocardium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a rapid dysrhythmia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What includes the AV node and its surrounding tissue along with the bundle of His? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the period when the cell is depolarized or in the process of repolarizing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the early phase of cardiac repolarization, wherein the heart muscle cannot be stimulated to depolarize? |
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Definition
| Absolute Refractory Period 920 |
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Term
| What is the period in the cell-firing cycle at which it is possible but difficult to restimulate the cell to contract? |
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Definition
| Relative Refractory Period 920 |
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Term
| What is the depolarization of the atria on an ECG? |
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Definition
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Term
| What represents ventricle depolarization on an ECG? |
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Definition
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Term
| What represents the amount of time the AV node delays transmission of atrial activity to the ventricles on an ECG? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the part of the human nervous system that controls automatic (involuntary) actions? |
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Definition
| Autonomic Nervous System 921 |
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Term
| What is an enzyme that breaks down ACh so it can be recycled? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an acute episode of shortness of breath in which the patient suddenly awakes from sleep with a feeling of suffocation? |
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Definition
| Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND) 929 |
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Term
| What refers to the sensation of an abnormally fast or irregular heartbeat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is indicative of a noncompliant valve, such as the mitral valve found in a patient who has a history of rheumatic fever? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a high-pitched sound occurs just after the S1 sound? |
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Definition
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Term
| What may indicate a dilated pulmonary artery or septal defect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What creates a to-and-fro sound that can be heard in systole and diastole and is heard in patients who have inflammation of the pericardial sac? |
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Definition
| Pericardial Friction Rub 935 |
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Term
| What is inflammation of the pericardial sac? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes the pericardial sac to be inflamed, causing visceral and parietal surfaces of the pericardium to rub together? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an ambiguous sound that is associated with turbulent blood flow through the heart valve? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a vibration that occurs frequently and remains constant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a high-pitched sound during the diastole phase that indicates a thickened pericardium that is limiting how far the ventricle can expand during the diastole phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a situation in which the palpated radial pulse rate is less than the apical pulse rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a pulse that alternates between strong and weak beats, characteristic of left ventricular systolic damage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a weakening or loss of a palpable pulse during inhalation, characteristic of cardiac tamponade and severe asthma? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an excessive drop (> 10mm Hg) in the systolic blood pressure with each inspired breath? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What gives a rough indication of the elasticity of the arterial walls and the SV? |
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Definition
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