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An intentional course of action followed by government in dealing with some problem or matter of concern
Based on law
Authoritative and binding on people
Those who do not comply can be penalized. |
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Chosen few or elite make all important decisions in society.
Unequal distribution of power is normal and inevitable. |
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| All institutions, gov't and non-gov't, have fallen under control of a large bureaucracy that comes out policy using standardized procedures |
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| Interest Groups, neither elite nor bureaucrats control government process |
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| Not one groups has all the political power |
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| Problem Recognition and Definition |
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| Recognition of an issue. Not all problems are deserving of government attention.Usually there is not a single agreed-on definition of a problem. |
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| A set of issues to be discussed or given attention |
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All public issues are viewed as requiring governmental attention.
A discussion agenda |
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| Governmental (Institutional Agenda) |
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| The changing list of issues to which governments believe they should address themselves |
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| look for alternatives to solve the problem |
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| A repetitive and essentially changeless process of reformulating similar proposals within an issue area that is well established on the government agenda |
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| Handles new problems by drawing on experience with similar problems of the past |
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| Involves attempts to develop new or unprecedented proposals that represent a departure from existing practices |
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| The approval of a policy proposed by the people with the requisite authority, such as a legislature |
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Most policies require money in order to be carried out.
A policy can be nullified by a refusal to fund.
Home Ownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere
Having the potential to curb funding can be a powerful tool for congressional committee chairs. |
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The process of carrying out public policy through governmental agencies
Some are enforced by other means such as the courts
Product liability
Product dating |
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| Techniques Used by Administrative Agencies |
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| Authoritative techniques, Incentive techniques, Capacity techniques, Hortatory techniques |
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| Rests on the notion that people’s actions must be restrained by government in order to prevent or eliminate activities or products that are unsafe, evil, or immoral |
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| Encourage people to act in their own best interest by offering payoffs or financial inducements to get them to comply |
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| Provide people with information, education, training or resources that will enable them to participate in desired activities |
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| Encourage people to comply with policy by appealing to their better instincts- “Just Say No” |
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The process of determining whether a course of action is achieving its intended goals.
Evaluation research and studies can stimulate attempts to modify or terminate policies and restart the policy process. |
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| Important Players in Policy Evaluation |
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Congressional committees
Presidential commissions
Administrative agencies
University and Private research organizations
General Accountability Office (GAO) |
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| Roots of Social Welfare Policy |
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Early 19th century attitudes toward social welfare were focused on belt-tightening and charity.
NO governmental intervention
Late 19th century
Farmers and rural Americans sought help
Failing commodity prices; exploitation of railroads
1890s severe economic depression
Acceptance and expectance of government intervention |
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Social and economic thinking began to change
Idea that government could and should be used as a positive influence in society
FDR elected in 1932
Unemployment extremely high; bad for economy
Created Civil Works Administration by executive order to put people to work
Creation of Social Security
1935 law established old-age insurance (Social Security) and assistance for the needy, children, and others, and unemployment |
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Until the 20th century, public education had been almost the exclusive province of the state and local governments.
Responsibility for public education
Vested in the local community |
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began federal government’s involvement in helping people pay for education beyond high school
Pell Grants
Loan guarantees
$62 billion in student loans in 2004-2005 |
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| Protect people against loss of income due to retirement, disability, unemployment or deal or absence of family breadwinner |
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| Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 |
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Required single mothers with a child over five years of age to work within two years of receiving funds
Included a provision that unmarried mothers under the age of 18 be required to live with an adult and attend school in order to receive welfare benefits
Set a five-year lifetime limit for aid from block grants
Included a requirement that mothers must provide information about a child’s father in order to receive full welfare payments
Cut off food stamps and SSI for legal immigrants
Cut off cash welfare benefits and food stamps for convicted drug felons
Limited food stamps to three months in a three year period for persons 18 to 50 years old who are not raising children and not working |
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| Earned Income Tax Credit Program |
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Designed to help the working poor
Helps them by subsidizing their wages and provides an incentive for people to go to work
Results in a net cash rebate for many low-income tax payers who pay no federal income tax
Created in 1975 – Senator Russell Long (D-LA) |
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Initial program was an effort to expand the domestic market for farm commodities -1939-1943
Provided the poor with the ability to buy more food, thus increasing demand for American agricultural produce
Made permanent in 1964
Extended nationwide in 1974
Benefits low income families
Combats hunger and reduces malnutrition
Food stamps went to over 25 million beneficiaries in 2005 at cost of $31 billion.
Average participant’s monthly disbursement: $93 in food stamps |
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| Income security programs to which all those meeting eligibility criteria are entitled |
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Part A: automatic at age 65
Part B: optional; covers payment for items not covered by part A
Financed by a payroll tax of 1.45 percent paid by both employees and employers on the total amount of a person’s wages
Baby Boomers – strain on system |
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Provides comprehensive health care to all who qualify as needy
In 2005, Medicaid served over 52 million people at a cost of 184.2 billion.
Jointly financed by national and state governments
Some variation by state in terms of who is covered |
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