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Chapter 17
Gastrointestinal Tract
67
Pathology
Professional
05/18/2012

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Term
Meckel Diverticulum
Definition
Failed involution of the vitelline duct
Wall includes: mucosa, submucosa, and muscular is propria
May contain gastric of pancreatic tissue
Term
Meckel Diverticulum
Definition
2% of the population
2 feet of the ileocecal valve
~2 inches long (5cm)
2x more common in males
Symptomatic by age 2
Term
Pyloric Stenosis
Definition
Presents in the 2nd to 3rd week of life
Non-bilous vomitting
Also can develop due to peptic ulcers or cancer
Term
Hirschsprung Disease
Definition
Associated with Down Syndrome

Megacolon due to failure of the neural crest cells to migrate from the cecum to the rectum; innervated sections become enlarged

Lacks Meisner and Auerbach myenteric plexus
Term
Nutcracker esophagus
Definition
Due to smooth muscle being uncoordinated
Longitudinal sm contracts before the circular, causing obstruction
Term
Zenker Diverticulum
(pharyngeoesophageal diverticulum)
Definition
Located immediately above the upper esophageal sphincter
Term
Traction diverticulum
Definition
Located in the middle of the esophagus
Term
Epiphrenic Diverticulum
Definition
Located immediately above the lower esophageal sphincter
Term
Esophageal mucosal webs
Definition
Ledge-like protrusions of mucosa that may cause obstruction
Women over 40
Compose of a firbovascular connective tissue
Upper esophagus
Generally semicircunferential
Term
Paterson-Brown-Kelly or Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Definition
Upper esophageal webs with iron-deficiency anemia, glossitis, and cheilosis
Term
Primary Achalasia
Definition
LES is chronically constricted leading to aggregation of food in the esophagus

Tx: Laprascopic myotomy and Botulinum neurotoxin
Term
Secondary Achalasia
Definition
Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi (protozoan), causing Chaga's disease
Attacks the myenteric plexus and prevents peristalsis
Term
Esophageal candidiasis (Advanced stage)
Definition
Adherent, gray-white pseudomembranes, densely matted fungal hyphae
Term
Esophageal Herpesviruses (Morphology)
Definition
Punched-out ulcers
Nuclear viral inclusions within a rim of degenerating epithelial cells
Term
Esophageal CMV (Morphology)
Definition
Shallower ulcerations and characteristic nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions
Term
Esophageal Graft-vs-Host disease (Morphology)
Definition
Basal epithelial cell apoptosis, mucosal atrophy, and subcutaneous fibrosis w/o infiltrates
Term
GERD (Tx and Gen)
Definition
Caused by regurgitation of gastric contents
Shows a hyperemic lower esophagus
More significant disease causes increases in eosinophils and neutrophils
Can be treated with proton pump inhibitors
Term
GERD (Cause and S/S)
Definition
Caused by: alcohol, tobacco, obesity, CNS depressants, pregnancy, hiatal hernias, delayed gastric emptying, increased gastric volume
S/S: Dysphagia, heartburn, Sour-tasting gastric contents , sometimes severe chest pain
Term
Eosinophilic esophagitis
Definition
S/S: Food impaction and dysphagia

Morph: LARGE NUMBERS OF EOSINOPHILS

Differentiated from severe GERD by the lack of effect of proton pump inhibitors and lack of acid reflux
Term
Barrett Esophagus (Morphology)
Definition
Several tongues or patches of red, velvety mucosa extending up the esophagus
"Wine-goblet" goblet cells
Dx: only through endoscopy and biopsy
Term
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (Morph)
Definition
DISTAL third of the esophagus
Appears flat or raised patches in intact mucosa
Barrett esophagus is a precursor
H. pylori may decrease risk
Term
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (General + S/S)
Definition
Whites, 7x more in men
p53, c-ERB-B2, cyclin D1, and cyclin E
Dysphagia and Odynophagia, weight loss, hematemesis, chest pain, vomiting

Can be invasive, usually to the lymphnoids by the time it is diagnosed
Term
Squamous cell carcinoma (Morph)
Definition
MID-ESOPHAGUS
Moderately to well-differentiated

Small, gray-white, plaque-like thickenings; generally large at diagnosis and have invaded the esophageal wall

Prefers metastasis to mediastinal, paratracheal, or tracheobronchial nodes
Term
Squamous cell carcinoma (S/S)
Definition
Dysphagia
Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
Obstruction
Extreme weight loss
Hemorrhage and sepsis
Term
Leiomyoma of the esophagus
Definition
Benign tumor of the esophagus
Term
Condyloma
Definition
Papilloma tumor of the esophagus where HPV is implicated
Term
Acute gastritis
Definition
Mucosal erosion, Ulceration, hemorrhage, hematemesis, melena, massive blood loss
Caused by H. pylori, chemotherapy
Term
Acute gastritis (Morph)
Definition
Surface epithelium intact
Scattered neutrophils
Term
Acute gastric ulcerations
Definition
Hypoxic destruction of epithelium
Anywhere in the stomach
Usually multiple
NO FIBROSIS
Term
Stress ulcers
Definition
Found in individuals with shock, sepsis, or severe trauma
Term
Curling ulcers
Definition
Found in people with severe burns or trauma
Proximal duodenum
Term
Cushing ulcers
Definition
Individuals with intracranial disease
Found in the gastric, duodenal, and esophageal ares
High incidence of perforation
Term
Chronic gastritis
Definition
H. pylori
Caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, and stress
Term
H. pylori (C and V)
Definition
G- bacilli
Flagella
Urease
Adhesins
Toxins (CagA)- associated with gastric cancer
Term
H. pylori
Definition
Antral gastritis with high acid production
Pit abscesses
INTRAEPITHELIAL NEUTROPHILS AND SUBEPITHELIAM PLASMA CELLS
Term
Pangastritis
Definition
multifocal mucosal atrophy
reduced acid secretion
intestinal metaplasia
increased risk of gastric adenocarcinoma
Term
H. pylori (Tx)
Definition
Antibiotics
Proton pump inhibitors
Term
Autoimmune gastritis
Definition
Attacks the oxyntic (parietal) cells
Decreased secretion of acid with HYPERGASTINEMIA
Vit B12 déficience
Term
Autoimmune gastritis (Morph)
Definition
Damage of oxyntic mucosa
mucosa of fundus and body are thinned
megaloblastic epithelium and RBC's
Term
Deficient B12 affects
Definition
peripheral neuropathy
megaloblastic nuclei
ATROPHIC GLOSSITIS (tongue becomes smooth and beefy red)
Term
Reactive Gastropathy
Definition
Foveolar hyperplasia + Mucosal edema
Brought on by chemical injury
"Watermelon stomach" due to gastric antral vascular ectasia
Term
Gastris Antral Vascular Ectasia (GAVE)
Definition
"Watermelon stomach"
Stripes of edematous erythematous mucosa
Due to antral trauma
Term
Eosinophilic Gastritis
Definition
Tissue damage due to dense infiltrates of eosinophils
Antral or pyloric region
Peripheral eosinophilia
Due to allergens (cow's milk, soy, drugs)
Term
Lymphocytic gastritis
Definition
Women, Entire stomach
Anorexia
Variolifrom gastritis (thickened folds covered by small nodules with central aphthous ulceration)
Lymphocytic!
Term
Granulomatous Gastritis
Definition
Any gastritis that developed granules
Due to Infections by:
Mycobacteria, fungi, CMV, and H. pylori
Term
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Definition
H. pylori and NSAID's
Duodenal ulcers more common in alcoholics, COPD, HPThyroid, and C. renal failure
Term
Peptic ulcer disease (Morph)
Definition
.3-.6 cm.
Sharply punched-out defect; level borders fall into ulcer
Perforation is seen with free air under diaphragm
Term
PUD (S/S)
Definition
Middle-old age
Iron deficiency, frank hemorrhage, or perforation
Burning aching pain
Significant weight loss and excessive belching
Term
Gastritis cystica polyposa
Definition
Cysts development in the submucosa
Term
Gastritis cystica profunda
Definition
Cysts develop in the deeper layers of the gastric wall
Term
Menetrier disease
Definition
Excessive TGF-a
Diffuse hyperplasia of the body and fundus
Hypoproteinemia
Weight loss, diarrhea, and peripheral edema
Term
Menetrier disease
Definition
Hyperplasia of foveolar mucous cells (CORK SCREW APPEARANCE)
Irregular enlargement of gastric rugae
Term
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Definition
Gastrin secreting tumors (Gastrinomas: 60-90% malig)
Small intestine or pancreas
Duodenal ulcers or chronic diarrhea
Increase numbers of parietal cells
Term
Inflammatory polyps
Definition
Polyps with a smooth surface in the STOMACH
Due to H. pylori with regression after eradication
1 cm, ovoid, elongated foveolar glands
1.5 cm should be resected
Term
Fundic Gland Polyps
Definition
RESULT OF PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR, causing glandular hyperplasia
Term
Fundic Gland Polyps
Definition
Gastric body and fundus
Well-circumscribed with smooth surface
Usually multiple
Lined by parietal and chief cells
Term
Gastric adenoma
Definition
Usually solitary lesion <2cm
ANTRUM
Gladnular budding and gland-within-gland (cribiform) structures
Term
Gastric adenocarcinoma
Definition
Most common malignancy of stomach
Loss of E cadherin function
Mutations of p53 and B-catenin
ANTRUM
Term
Gastric adenocarcinoma (Intestinal morph)
Definition
Bulky tumors composed of glandular structures
Term
Gastric adenocarcinoma (Diffuse morph)
Definition
Composed of "signet-ring cells"
Mucin lakes around the cells
Desmoplastic reaction stiffens the gastric wall
LEATHER BOTTLE APPEARANCE (linitis plastica)
Term
Lymphoma
Definition
MALToma
NF-kB dysregulation
Express B cell marks: CD19 AND 20
Term
Carcinoid Tumor
Definition
Well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors
Tumors may invade deeply to involve the mesentery
GI tract, especially the small intestines
Midgut tumors are the most aggressive
Term
Carcinoid syndrome
Definition
caused by vasoactive compounds secreted by a special neuroendocrine tumor into the systemic circulation
Term
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST)
Definition
In children, CARNEY TRIAD: gastric GIST, paraganglioma, and pulmonary chondroma
Mutation is in the c-kit gene (tyrosine kinase)
Term
Interstitial cells of Cajal
Definition
Serve as pacemaker for the gastric musculature
Term
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) (Morph)
Definition
As big as 30 cm in diameter
Spread outside the abdomen is uncommon
Multiple serosal nodules throughout the peritoneal cavity
Term
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) (S/S)
Definition
Mass effect
Blood loss
Anemia
Tx: IMATINIB
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