Term
embryophytes
-what are important developments |
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Definition
}bryophytes and vascular plants share many characteristics
}trace ancestry back to Coleochaete-like organism
}to grow large on land, must have conducting tissue
}lignin synthesis
}apical meristem
}branched sporophyte |
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Term
| Vascular plants have 3 diff tissue systems. |
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Definition
}dermal
}outer, protective covering of plant
}vascular
}conductive tissues
¨xylem
¨phloem
}ground
}contains vascular tissue system |
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Term
| Primary growth includes: (3) |
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Definition
}growth close to tips of roots and stems
}apical meristems
}primary tissues |
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Term
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Definition
}lateral meristems
}vascular cambium
¨secondary vascular tissues
}cork cambium
¨periderm |
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Term
Tracheary elements (tracheids/vessel elements)
> what tissue sytem?
>what kind of cells
>what do they do?
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Definition
}conducting cells of xylem
}tracheids
¨elongate cells with long, tapering ends
¨provide support for stems
}vessel elements
¨principal water-conducting cells in angiosperms |
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Term
Stele
>protostele
-whats it look like?
-wheres it found?
-is it extinct?
>siphonostele
-whats it look like?
-how much of the seedless species are this?
>eustele
-whats it look like?
-how much of seed species is this?
-what did these evolve from? |
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Definition
}protostele
}solid cylinder of vascular tissue
}phloem surrounds xylem or interspersed
}found in most roots
}extinct seedless vascular plants
}some living vascular plants
}siphonostele
}central pith surrounded by vascular tissue
}most species of seedless vascular plants
}eustele
}discrete strands around a pith
}almost all seed plants
}evolved directly from protostele |
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Term
Vascular plants - reproductive structure
>what is main structures (egg and sperm)
>what kind of alternating generation set up? (heteromorphic or homo?) |
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Definition
}oogamous
}large, nonmotileegg and small, motile sperm
}alternation of heteromorphic generations |
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Term
homosporous plants
>how many kinds of spores produced?
>what kind of plants (type)
>what sex is the gametophyte? |
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Definition
}produce one kind of spore as result of meiosis
}some fern allies and almost all ferns
}gametophytes bisexual |
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Term
Heterosporous plants
>what kind of spores produced?
>what kind of plants?
>what reproductive organs are used?
>what sex is the gametophyte? |
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Definition
}two types of spores in two different kinds of sporangia
}some lycophytes, few ferns, all seed plants
}microspores and megaspores
}not necessarily different sized
}gametophytes unisexual, smaller |
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Term
Angiosperm gametophytes
how many cells in the mega?
how many in the micro? |
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Definition
}Angiosperms
¨megagametophyte only 7 cells
¨microgametophyte only 3 cells |
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Term
seedless vascular plants
Extinct phyla (4)
living phyla (2) |
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Definition
}extinct phyla
}Rhyniophyta
}Zosterophyllophyta
}Trimerophyta
}Progymnospermophyta
}phyla with living representatives
}Lycopodiophyta
}Pteridophyta |
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Term
| Seedless vascular plants - history and fossil record |
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Definition
}four major plant groups
2. pteridophytes, lycophytes, progymnosperms
}375 to 290 mya
3.seed plants
}380 mya
4.flowering plants
}130 mya (fossil record)
}abundant within 30 to 40 mya |
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Term
Phylum Lycopodiophyta
>How many species?
>what do they ALL posses?
>diff or undiff? |
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Definition
}1200 living species, 10-15 genera (some extinct)
} all herbaceous
}all possess microphylls
}differentiated into roots, stems, leaves |
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Term
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Definition
}sporophyte
}branching rhizome
}stem and root protostelic
}homosporous
}bisexual gametophytes
}green, irregularly lobed
}underground, nonphotosynthetic, mcorrhizal |
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Term
}Family Selaginellaceae
>how many species?
>where are they found?
>what kind of spores? (homo/hetero)
>what is required for fertilization? |
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Definition
}750 spp. of Selaginella
}mostly tropical
}resurrection plant, Selaginellalepidophylla
}heterosporous
}water required for fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
}Isoetes(quillwort)
}Sporophyte
}Fleshy, underground stem
}Microphylls(small leaf with one vein, not associated with leaf gap)
}Roots
}Heterosporous
}Specialized cambium that produces secondary tissues
}Some have CAM photosynthesis |
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Term
Phylum Pteridophyta
>what kind of plants does it include?
>how many species?
>found in fossil record?
>how large compared to angiosperms?
>how diverse? |
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Definition
}includes ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails
}Ferns: 11,000 species
}abundant in fossil record from carboniferous to modern times
}largest group of plants other than angiosperms
}most diverse group of plants in form and habit
Ò1/3 grow as epiphytes |
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Term
Phylum Pteridophyta - classified according to sporangia
eusporangiate vs leptosporangiate |
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Definition
}eusporangiate
}parent cells in surface of tissue from which sporangium produced
}characteristic of all vascular plants except for leptosporangiate ferns!!
}leptosporangiate
}arise from one superficial initial cell
}smaller than eusporangia |
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Term
| most ferns have what kind of spore? |
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Definition
}most ferns are homosporous (one type of spore)
}two orders of living water ferns heterosporous |
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Term
}homosporous, leptosporangiate ferns
> how many species
>how familiar?
>what kind of rhizomes?
>sori? |
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Definition
}Order Filicales
}>10,500 species
}most familiar ferns
}siphonostelicrhizomes (underground stem)
}sori
¨clusters of sporangia |
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Term
}heterosporous, leptosporangiate ferns
>What kind of ferns? (where are they found?)
>where do they grow?
>Azolla?
>Salvina? |
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Definition
}water ferns
}Marsileales and Salviniales
}grow in mud or damp soil or water
}Azolla
¨symbiotic with cyanobacteria
¨important for rice paddies
}Salvinia
¨native species in this area
¨Giant Salvinia from South America |
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Term
}Equisetales (horse tails) |
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Definition
}horsetails
}Equisetum, 15 species
}may be the oldest surviving genus on earth
}“horsetails” or “scouring rushes” |
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