1 use energy

2 made of cells

3 respond to outside stimulus 

4 reproduce/replicate

5 evolution

1. all living things are made of cells

2. all cells come from previous cells

-means that all organisms have a common starting ancestor

Change in characteristics of a population over time

-characteristics can be modified from generation to generation 

esplians HOW evolution occurs

-states that individuals vary withing a population and that some variable traits help individuals survive and reproduce and pass on those traits

Shows how closely organisms are related by how close they diverge from one another

-determined by their rRNA

-bacteria

-archaea

-eukaryotes

*archaea and eukaryotes are the most closely realted to eachother*

horizontal lines that usually have no time meaning

vertical lines show splitting events

-helps show where the monophyletic group is

if you cut a branch on th tree, all brances and tips that fall off represent a monophyletic group

protons-positive-largest

electrons-negative-smallest

neutrons-neutral-same as protons

neucleaous-contains protons and neutrons

orbitals or engergy levels-contains electrons

*excellent solvent

*adhesion-attraction between ulike molecuels

*surface tension

*denser as liquid than solid

*high capacity for energy absorption and high specific heat

*hydrogen bonds are important to biology because of the number of hygrogen bonds between water and gydrophilic molecules

--provide structural framwork for all important compunds in life

--Carbon-Carbon bonds was an important skip to the production of life molecules

adenine

guanine

cytosine

thymine

*uracil-replaces thymine in RNA

1. some sort of enzyme reaction separates the helix

2. Free nucleotides latch onto the now separated template strands

3. the old and new strands polymerize and the process is completed

DNA codes for RNA

RNA codes for amino acids, is translated into 

Protein primary structure

1. Catalysis*** - enzymes catalyze reactions

2. Defense - against pathogens 

3. Transport and movement - move material in/out of 

cells and through the body, move cells, move bodies 

4. Support / structure – connective tissue, skin, blood 

clots, cytoskeleton, etc.

5. Regulation / signaling - control processes like growth 

through functioning as signal molecules 

• central Carbon with 4 covalent bonds

• Amino group (note the Nitrogen)

• Carboxyl group

• a unique side chain (different in different A.A.s). 

• primary – the sequence of amino acids

• secondary – folding or twisting because of hydrogen bonding

• tertiary – 3D shape from interactions involving side groups of a 

polypeptide 

• quaternary – 3D shape from interactions between different 

polypeptides (subunits) forming a single protein 

•  phosphate + sugar + 

nitrogenous base

• Primary structure is 

SEQUENCE of Nucleotides

(ACTG)

• Secondary sequence is 

the double-helix 

Simple sugar = Monosaccharide

2 simple sugars = Disaccharide

Complex sugar = Polysaccharide

 Lipids have a major hydrocarbon component and are mostly 

nonpolar and hydrophobic.

 Hydrocarbon = lots of C-H and C-C bonds = lots of stored energy

 Nonpolar hydrophopic = good waterproof “bags” (membranes) for 

holding water (they are not water soluble) !

 Fats: energy storage, insulation & protection 

Steroids: Hormones 

Phospholipids: used to make “Membranes”

1. nucleaic acid-necleotides

2. lipids-fatty acids

3. carbohydrates-simple sugars (monosachrides)

4. Protiens-amino acids