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Chapter 1-6 test
For Dr. Newman
59
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/27/2014

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Cards

Term
what are the key features of all liveing things
Definition

1 use energy

2 made of cells

3 respond to outside stimulus 

4 reproduce/replicate

5 evolution

Term
what is the cell theory
Definition

1. all living things are made of cells

2. all cells come from previous cells

-means that all organisms have a common starting ancestor

Term
What is evolution
Definition

Change in characteristics of a population over time

-characteristics can be modified from generation to generation 

Term
what is natural selection
Definition

esplians HOW evolution occurs

-states that individuals vary withing a population and that some variable traits help individuals survive and reproduce and pass on those traits

Term
What is the tree of life
Definition

Shows how closely organisms are related by how close they diverge from one another

-determined by their rRNA

Term
Universal ancestor of all organisms
Definition
LUCA
Term
What are the 3 main groups of organisms
Definition

-bacteria

-archaea

-eukaryotes

 

*archaea and eukaryotes are the most closely realted to eachother*

Term
What is science
Definition
it is about formulating hyopothesis and evidence that supports or conflicts with the hypothesis-focuses on the falseifyable
Term
How is science a way of knowing things
Definition
science asks questions that can be ansered by observing, meauring, and collecting data-cannot answer questions without these things
Term
What are branches
Definition

horizontal lines that usually have no time meaning

vertical lines show splitting events

Term
what are nodes or forks
Definition
show where an ancestral group splits
Term
what is polytomy
Definition
more than two decendent groups split from a single node
Term
tips or terminal nodes
Definition
the tree's endpoints and whow where groups end
Term
taxa
Definition
any named group of organisms
Term
outgroup
Definition
a taxonomic group that is known to have diverged before the rest of the taxa in the study
Term
One snip test
Definition

-helps show where the monophyletic group is

if you cut a branch on th tree, all brances and tips that fall off represent a monophyletic group

Term
Components of atoms
Definition

protons-positive-largest

electrons-negative-smallest

neutrons-neutral-same as protons

 

neucleaous-contains protons and neutrons

orbitals or engergy levels-contains electrons

Term
why are electron energy states important
Definition
they determine how reactive or inreactive an element is and form the bonds between elements
Term
covalent bonds
Definition
shared electrons
Term
ionic bonds
Definition
transfered electrons
Term
hydrogen bonds
Definition
when two water molecules approach eachother they have a weak electric charge that holds them together from the hydrogens and oxygens
Term
Properties of water
Definition

*excellent solvent

*adhesion-attraction between ulike molecuels

*surface tension

*denser as liquid than solid

*high capacity for energy absorption and high specific heat

*hydrogen bonds are important to biology because of the number of hygrogen bonds between water and gydrophilic molecules

Term
Acids
Definition
dgive up protons during chemical reactions
Term
bases
Definition
take up protons in chemical reactions
Term
hydrogen ions in acid base reactions
Definition
the amount of hydrogen ions determines if a substance is acidic or basic
Term
endergonic
Definition
heat absorbtion
Term
exergonic
Definition
heat expulsion
Term
1st law of thermodynamics
Definition
energy is conserved-it cannot be created or destroyed
Term
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
energy spontaniously disperses from being localized to becoming spread out if it is not hindered from doing so
Term
Gibbs Free energy
Definition
energy associated with a reaction that can be used to do work
Term
importance of Carbon
Definition

--provide structural framwork for all important compunds in life

--Carbon-Carbon bonds was an important skip to the production of life molecules

Term
what are macromolecuels
Definition
very larg molecules made up of smaller molecules joined together
Term
what are monomers
Definition
it is a molecular sub unit
Term
what is a polymer
Definition
large number of monomers bonded togther
Term
polymerzation
Definition
linking monomers together
Term
what is condensation or dehydration reactions
Definition
builds bonds between molecules
Term
what is hydrolysis
Definition
reaction that breaks bonds between molecules
Term
what are peptide bonds
Definition
the bonds that like monomers together in condensation reactions
Term
what are the 5 nulcleotides
Definition

adenine

guanine

cytosine

thymine

*uracil-replaces thymine in RNA

Term
how DNA replicates
Definition

1. some sort of enzyme reaction separates the helix

2. Free nucleotides latch onto the now separated template strands

3. the old and new strands polymerize and the process is completed

Term
what is the structure of starch
Definition
unbranched single helix-good for energy storage
Term
what is the structure of glycogen
Definition
higly branched single helixes-good energy storage
Term
what is the structure of cellulose
Definition
parellel strands joined by hydrogen bonds-cell wall support in plants
Term
how do proteins RNA and DNA relate
Definition

DNA codes for RNA

RNA codes for amino acids, is translated into 

Protein primary structure

Term
main functions of proteins
Definition

1. Catalysis*** - enzymes catalyze reactions

2. Defense - against pathogens 

3. Transport and movement - move material in/out of 

cells and through the body, move cells, move bodies 

4. Support / structure – connective tissue, skin, blood 

clots, cytoskeleton, etc.

5. Regulation / signaling - control processes like growth 

through functioning as signal molecules 

Term
structure of amino acids
Definition

• central Carbon with 4 covalent bonds

• Amino group (note the Nitrogen)

• Carboxyl group

• a unique side chain (different in different A.A.s). 

Term
what makes up proteins
Definition
amino acids
Term
how does protein shape at four levels play a part in function
Definition

 

• primary – the sequence of amino acids

• secondary – folding or twisting because of hydrogen bonding

• tertiary – 3D shape from interactions involving side groups of a 

polypeptide 

• quaternary – 3D shape from interactions between different 

polypeptides (subunits) forming a single protein 

Term
what makes up nucleaic acids
Definition
nucleotides
Term
what is the basic structure of nucleaic acids
Definition

•  phosphate + sugar + 

nitrogenous base

Term
what are the two stuctures of DNA
Definition

• Primary structure is 

SEQUENCE of Nucleotides

(ACTG)

• Secondary sequence is 

the double-helix 

Term
what does DNA do
Definition
Stores information
Term
what does RNA do
Definition
transfers information
Term
what are carbohydrates made out of?
Definition
simple sugars
Term
what are the types of simple sugars
Definition

Simple sugar = Monosaccharide

2 simple sugars = Disaccharide

Complex sugar = Polysaccharide

 
Term
what is the structure of lipids
Definition

 Lipids have a major hydrocarbon component and are mostly 

nonpolar and hydrophobic.

 Hydrocarbon = lots of C-H and C-C bonds = lots of stored energy

 Nonpolar hydrophopic = good waterproof “bags” (membranes) for 

holding water (they are not water soluble) !

Term
what are the three types of lipids and their functions
Definition

 Fats: energy storage, insulation & protection 

Steroids: Hormones 

Phospholipids: used to make “Membranes”

Term
what are the monomers of lipids
Definition
fatty acids
Term
what are the four macromolecules and their sub units
Definition

1. nucleaic acid-necleotides

2. lipids-fatty acids

3. carbohydrates-simple sugars (monosachrides)

4. Protiens-amino acids

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