Term
| Therapists treat people of all ages and social, cultural, and ethnic backgrounds. Individuals with anxiety, and those with minor and temporary problems, are most likely to benefit from therapy. Socioeconomic status, gender, age, and ethnicity don't predict treatment outcome. |
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Definition
| Describe who seeks treatment, who benefits from psychotherapy, and who practises psychotherapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___________ can be defined as a psychological intervention designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives |
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Term
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Definition
| In general (women/men) are more likely to seek psychotherapy. |
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Definition
| Hispanics are (less/more) likely than non-Hispanics to seek mental health services. |
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Term
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Definition
| People (can/can't) be helped by therapists who differ from them in significant ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals who experience some anxiety or minor, temporary problems are (not likely/likely) to benefit from therapy. |
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Term
| A 1964 study found that many therapists preferred to treat people who were relatively young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, and successful. Therapists have recently become more aware of the importance of assisting a broad clientele of all ages and cultural backgrounds. |
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Definition
| What was the ideal client like, according to a 1964 study of people in therapy? Has that view changed today? |
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Term
| Unlicensed paraprofessionals with no formal training, as well as licensed professionals, can be equally effective as trained therapists. Warmth, selecting important topics to discuss, not contradicting clients, and the ability to establish a positive relationship are more important determinants of a therapist's effectiveness than formal training or being licensed. |
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Definition
| Distinguish between professionals and paraprofessionals, and describe what it takes to be an effective therapist. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person with no professional training who provides mental health services is called a ______________. |
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Term
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Definition
| In most provinces, the term "therapist" (is/isn't) legally protected. |
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Term
| In this show, Laura develops sexual feelings for her therapist, Paul. Paul almost follows through with a sexual relationship with her, but he ends up getting a panic attack and pussying out. Had he followed through, his behaviour would've been unethical. |
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Definition
| How ethical was the client-therapist relationship in the television drama "In Treatment"? |
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Term
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Definition
| A therapist who talks a lot about his or her personal life is likely to be (effective/ineffective). |
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Term
| The core beliefs of psychodynamic therapies are the importance of the unconscious, childhood experiences, expressing emotions and reexperiencing past events, and acquiring insight. Evidence for psychodynamic therapies is based largely on small and highly select patient samples, anecdotal studies, and the questionable curative value of insight, although controlled studies suggest that these therapies may be helpful in some cases. |
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Definition
| Describe the core beliefs and criticisms of psychodynamic therapies. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the technique of _________________, clients are allowed to express themselves without censorship of any sort. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neo-Freudians placed (more/less) emphasis on the unconscious than did Freudians. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Jung, ____________ is the integration of opposing aspects of the patient's personality into a harmonious "whole"--namely, the self. |
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Term
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Definition
| Critics of psychodynamic therapies assert that understanding our emotional history (is/isn't) required to relieve psychological distress. |
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Term
| Humanistic therapies hold that self-actualization is a universal human drive, and adopt an experience-based approach in which clients work to fulfill their potential. Research suggests that genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding are related to improvement. |
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Definition
| Describe and evaluate the effectiveness of humanistic therapies. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Roger's __________ therapy, the therapist uses reflection to communicate empathy to the client. |
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Term
| Gestalt therapy's two-chair technique aims to integrate opposing aspects of the client's personality, such as the "good boy" and the "spoiled brat." |
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Definition
| Explain the two-chair technique as used by Gestalt therapists. |
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Term
| Group methods span all schools of psychotherapy and are efficient, time-saving, and less costly than individual methods. Participants learn from others' experiences, benefit from feedback and modelling others, and discover that problems and suffering are widespread. AA is helpful for some clients, but appears to be no more effective than other treatments, including CBT. Research suggests that controlled drinking approaches can be effective for some people with alcoholism. |
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Definition
| List the advantages of group methods and describe the research evidence concerning the effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is (rare/common) for self-help groups to form on the Internet. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relapse prevention approach teaches people to not feel ashamed or discouraged when they lapse, in an effort to avoid the _________________ effect. |
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Term
| Family therapies treat problems in the family system. Strategic family therapists remove barriers to effective communication, whereas structural family therapists plan changes in the way family interactions are structured. |
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Definition
| Identify different approaches to treating the dysfunctional family system. |
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Term
| Strategic family interventions |
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Definition
| ____________________ are designed to remove barriers to effective communication within the family. |
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Term
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Definition
| In _____________ family therapy, the therapist is actively involved in the everyday activities of the family to change the structure of their interactions. |
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Term
| Behavioural therapy is grounded in the scientific method and based on learning principles. Exposure therapies confront people with their fears. Exposure can be gradual and stepwise or start with the most frightening scenes imaginable. Modelling techniques, based on observational learning principles, include behavioural rehearsal and role-playing to foster assertiveness. Token economies and aversion therapies are based on operant conditioning principles. |
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Definition
| Describe the characteristics of behavioural therapy and identify different behavioural approaches. |
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Term
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Definition
| A class of procedures that confronts patients with that they fear with the goal of reducing this fear is known as ______________. |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| During _____________________, clients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner. |
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Term
| "In vivo" means "in real life". Clients gradually approach and handle any fears, as these clients are doing as they overcome their fear of flying. In vivo desensitization involves real-life, gradual exposure to what the patient actually fears, rather than imagining the anxiety-provoking situation. |
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Definition
| What is in vivo exposure therapy, and how can it help people with a fear of flying? |
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Term
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Definition
| Patients are exposed right away to images of stimuli that they fear the most for prolonged periods during ___________. |
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Term
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Definition
| A crucial component of flooding is _______________, in which the therapist blocks clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviours. |
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Term
| Synonymous with observational learning. An example would be participant modelling, a technique in which the therapist models a calm encounter with the client's feared object or situation, and then guides the client through steps of the encounter until she can cope unassisted. |
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Definition
| Define vicarious learning and provide an example. |
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Term
| EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) |
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Definition
| In _________, the patient focuses on the therapist's fingers as they move back and forth while reliving a traumatic memory. Studies indicate that such eye movements play no useful role in the procedure's effectiveness. |
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Term
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Definition
| During _________________, the therapist first models a problematic situation and then guides the client through steps to cope with it. |
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Term
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Definition
| In ________________ programs, desirable behaviours are rewarded through the consistent application of operant conditioning princples. (patient receives a "token" for every good behaviour noticed, and these "tokens" can be redeemed for desirable prizes |
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Term
| Cognitive-behavioural therapists modify irrational and negative beliefs and distorted thoughts that contribute to unhealthy feelings and behavious. Ellis's rational emotive behavioural therapy, Beck's cognitive therapy, and Meichenbaum's stress inoculation training are influential variations of CBT. |
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Definition
| Describe the features of cognitive-behavioural therapies (CBT). |
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Term
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Definition
| Ellis's rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT) emphasizes that our ____________ systems play a key role in how we function psychologically. |
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Term
| stress inoculation training |
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Definition
| In Meichenbaum's (1985) _______________________, therapists teach clients to prepare for and cope with future stressful life events. |
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Term
| Many therapies are effective. Nevertheless, some therapies, including behavioural and cognitive-behavioural treatments, are more effective than other treatments for specific problems, such as anxiety disorders. Still, other treatments, like crisis debriefing, appear to be harmful in some cases. |
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Definition
| Evaluate the claim that all psychotherapies are equally effective. |
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Term
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Definition
| The dodo bird verdict suggests that all types of psychotherapies are equally __________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Among researchers there is (strong consensus/no consensus) that the dodo bird verdict is correct. |
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Term
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Definition
| Research shows that behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapies are (more/less) effective than other treatments for children and adolescents with behavioural problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most studies show that (20 percent/80 percent) of people who receive psychotherapy do better than the average person who does not. |
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Term
| Scared Straight programs, which expose adolescents to prison life are ineffective and can actually increase the rate of problem behaviours in teens. |
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Definition
| What does research suggest about the effectiveness of Scared Straight programs? |
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Term
| Empirically supported therapies |
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Definition
| ____________________ are treatments for specific disorders that are supported by high-quality scientific evidence. |
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Term
| Ineffective therapies can appear to be helpful because of spontaneous remission, the placebo effect, self-serving biases, regression to the mean, and retrospective rewriting of the past. |
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Definition
| Explain how ineffective therapies can sometimes appear to be effective. |
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Term
| Positive life events can help to explain spontaneous remission, the phenomenon of a psychological problem improving without any intervention. |
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Definition
| What kind of effect can positive life events, like major job promotions, have on psychological problems? |
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Term
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Definition
| Even when they don't improve, clients who have invested time, money, and emotional effort in psychotherapy may convince themselves that they've been helped, a psychological phenomenon known as the __________________. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to the regression to the mean phenomenon, if a client comes into treatment extremely depressed, the chances are (high/low) that she'll be less depressed in a few weeks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Canadians spend millions each year on __________________ that promise self-improvement. |
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Term
| Medications are available to treat psychotic conditions (neuroleptics/antipsychotics or major tranquilizers), bipolar disorder (mood stabilizers), depression (antidepressants), anxiety (anxiolytics), and attentional problems (psychostimulants). |
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Definition
| Recognize different types of drugs to treat psychological conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of medications to treat psychological problems is called __________________. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first major drug for a psychological disorder, Thorazine (chlorpromazine), was used to treat ______________. |
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Term
| selective serotonin reuptake |
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Definition
| Prozac and Zoloft are among the best known _______________________ inhibitors. |
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Term
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Definition
| There (is/is not) scientific evidence for an "optimal level" of serotonin or other neurotransmitters in the brain. |
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Term
| People who prescribe drugs must be aware of side effects, not overprescribe medications, and carefully monitor the effects of multiple medications on an individual (polypharmacy). |
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Definition
| Outline key considerations in drug treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| People of different races and cultures (do/do not) respond equally to the same dose of medication. |
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Term
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Definition
| The safety and effectiveness of SSRIs when prescribed to ___________ and __________ have been called into question because of increased risk of suicidal thoughts. |
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Term
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Definition
| The drug Ritalin, used to treat ADHD, is an example of a medication that many feel has been _____________ and may substitute for effective coping strategies for focusing attention. |
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Term
| Contrary to popular belief, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is not painful or dangerous, and doesn't invariably produce memory loss, personality changes, or brain damage. Psychosurgery may be useful as a treatment of absolute last resort. |
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Definition
| Identify misconceptions about biomedical treatments. |
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Term
| electroconvulsive therapy |
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Definition
| During __________________, patients receive brief electrical pulses to the brain that produce a controlled seizure to treat serious psychological problems including depression. |
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Term
| Short-term confusion and clouded memory (to what just happened right before the procedure) are typical side-effects of ECT. More noteworthy side effects are memory and attention problems persisting in some patients for up to six months after treatment. Unilateral ECT (electrode on right side of head) produces slightly less side effects than Bilateral ECT (electrodes on both sides of head). |
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Definition
| What are the potential side effects of ECT? |
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Term
| Psychosurgery is brain surgery used to treat psychological problems. Psychosurgery once involved the destruction of significant portions of the brain, resulting in impaired memory, diminished emotion and creativity, and personality change. Psychosurgery today is much more sophisticated and associated with significantly milder side effects. Nevertheless, the stigma surrounding psychosurgery remains. |
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Definition
| Define psychosurgery and explain its potential side effects. |
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Term
| Interpersonal therapy (IPT) |
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Definition
| ________________ is a treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The research procedure for examining the effectiveness of isolated components of a larger treatment is called ___________. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___________ therapy is a treatment that uses punishment to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviours. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____________ is a statistical method that helps researchers to interpret large bodies of psychological literature. |
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