Term
| George Beadle and Edward Tatum proposed? |
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Definition
| Damage a gene by creating a mutant |
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Term
| Beadle and Tatum damaged genes in what? |
|
Definition
| the bread mold Neurospora crassa |
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Term
| What is the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis? |
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Definition
| Proposed that each gene contains the information needed to make an enzyme |
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Term
Srb and Horowitz further tested the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis when
They examined the production of the amino acid ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Arginine is produced
Via a ? requiring how many different enzymes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Srb and Horowitz hypothesized what? |
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Definition
| Different genes lead to the synthesis of each of the three enzymes |
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Term
| To test their hypothesis, Srb and Horowitz used what to create mutant individuals? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Srb and Horowitz used radiation to create thousands of mutant individuals, It allowed them to select those mutants incapable of ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Srb and Horowitz experiments supported what hypothesis? |
|
Definition
| One-Gene, One-Enzyme Hypothesis |
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Term
|
Definition
DNA is an information storage molecule
The sequence of bases in DNA is a kind of code
Different combinations of bases specify the 20 amino acids |
|
|
Term
| RNA—The Intermediary between? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| François Jacob and Jacques Monod proposed ? |
|
Definition
RNA molecules act as a link between genes found in the cell’s nucleus
And the protein-manufacturing centers located in the cytoplasm |
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|
Term
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) was found to carry information from ? to? |
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Definition
| DNA to the site of protein synthesis |
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Term
| The enzyme RNA polymerase synthesizes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| DNA is transcribed to ? by what? |
|
Definition
To messenger RNA
By RNA polymerase |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The process by which the hereditary information in DNA is copied to RNA |
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|
Term
| The mRNA is then translated TO? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process where the order of the nucleotide bases is converted to the order of amino acids |
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Term
| An organism’s genotype is determined by ? |
|
Definition
| the sequence of bases in its DNA |
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Term
| Alleles of the same gene differ in their? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins produced by different alleles of the same gene frequently differ how? |
|
Definition
| in their amino acid sequence |
|
|
Term
| What are some exceptions to the central dogma? |
|
Definition
Sometimes information flows in the opposite direction
From RNA back to DNA |
|
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Term
| Some viral genes that are composed of RNA use ? to synthesize a DNA version of the virus’s RNA genes. |
|
Definition
| reverse transcriptase, a viral polymerase |
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Term
| How does the sequence of bases in a strand of mRNA code for the sequence of amino acids in a protein? |
|
Definition
| The genetic code contains the rules that specify the relationship between a sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA or RNA. The corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein |
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|
Term
Who predicted
Each word in the genetic code contains three bases ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A three-base code is known as a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A three-base code provides more than enough messages to code for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The group of three bases
Specifies a particular amino acid |
|
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Term
| Who evised a system for synthesizing specific codons ? |
|
Definition
| Marshall Nirenberg and Philip Leder |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| It signifies the start of the protein-encoding sequence in mRNA |
|
|
Term
| how many stop codons are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signal the end of the protein-coding sequence |
|
|
Term
| What is a redundant codon? |
|
Definition
| All amino acids except two are encoded by more than one codon |
|
|
Term
| What is an unambiguous codon? |
|
Definition
| One codon never codes for more than one amino acid |
|
|
Term
| what is a universal codon? |
|
Definition
| All codons specify the same amino acids in all organisms |
|
|
Term
| what is a conservative codon? |
|
Definition
The first two bases are usually identical
When multiple codons specify the same amino acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Any permanent change in an organism’s DNA.
A modification in a cell’s information archive.
A change in its genotype
Able to create new alleles. |
|
|
Term
| Mutations fall into one of three categories: what are they? |
|
Definition
Beneficial mutations increase the fitness of the organism
Neutral mutations do not affect an organism’s fitness
Deleterious mutations decrease the fitness of the organism |
|
|
Term
| Most mutations are neutral or slightly ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are different types of mutations ? |
|
Definition
Chromosome-level mutations
Point mutations |
|
|
Term
| What is different about Chromosome-level mutations ? |
|
Definition
Are larger in scale
Often result from the addition or deletion of chromosomes from the individual’s karyotype |
|
|
Term
Point mutations
Occur when |
|
Definition
| the DNA polymerase inserts the wrong base into the newly synthesized strand of DNA |
|
|
Term
| Point mutations occur when the DNA polymerase inserts the wrong base into the newly synthesized strand of DNA. This results in a change in ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the change does not change the amino acid, not noticed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in nucleotide sequence that changes the amino acid. |
|
|
Term
| What is a nonsense mutation? |
|
Definition
| Change that causes in an early stop |
|
|
Term
| What is a frameshift mutation? |
|
Definition
| addition of A nucleotide pushing the frame read sequence |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Is an increase in the number of each type of chromosome |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inversions occur in chromosomes when? |
|
Definition
| sections of a chromosome break and rotate before rejoining |
|
|
Term
Translocation in a chromosome occurs
When? |
|
Definition
| a broken section of one chromosome becomes attached to another |
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|
Term
| Chromosome-level mutations can be visualized via the ? |
|
Definition
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