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Definition
| signal, protein/small molecule that triggers the process of signal transduction |
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| hormones or growth factors. they go through the bloodstream |
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| diffuse from one cell to another |
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| example of a paracrine signal; has a gradient; is a morphagen |
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| example of an endocrine signal |
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| activates only cells in direct contact |
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| example of cell to cell ligand |
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| example of cell to cell receptor |
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| transmembrane proteins; ligand binds on extracellular part, causing a conformational change in the intracellular part |
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| example of a g-protein coupled receptor; causes GTP to be turned into cGMP |
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| acts as a ligand to bind to guanyl cyclase |
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| example of a steroid receptor that regulates the TAT gene |
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| g-protein coupled receptor |
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Definition
| a transmembrane protein where the intracellular part binds to a G-protein |
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| intracellular signaling proteins |
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Definition
| chain of proteins/enzymes that activate on another |
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| small molecules that transfer the signal to the next ISP |
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| example of an ion channel coupled receptor |
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| phosphorylyzes an active rhodopsin |
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Definition
| phosphorylated rhodopsin binds to this, inhibiting the binding of the G-protein |
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| alpha subunit binds to this after adrenaline binds to GPCR; turns ATP into cAMP |
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| activates multiple proteins |
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| phosphorylated by phosphorylase kinase |
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| activated by alpha subunit, after adrenaline binds; cleaves inositol phospholipid |
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| example of a 2nd messenger; activates a Ca+2 channel on the ER |
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| example of a 2nd messenger; activate PKC with diacylglycerol |
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| example of 2nd messenger; causes muscle cells to relax |
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| example of 2nd messenger; activates PKA |
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| example of second messenger; activates PKC with Ca+2 |
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| guanine nucleotide exchange factor |
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Definition
| replaces GDP with GTP on the alpha subunit |
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| ISP that binds to RTK; binds to Ras activating protein |
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Definition
| activaes MAP-kinase kinase kinase --> kinase cascade |
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| ISP that binds to RTK; phosphorylates an inositol phospholipid- which binds to protein kinase 1 |
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Definition
| map the order of proteins in a pathway by coupling mutant x with constitutively active Ras, then coupling mutant y with constitutively active Ras |
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| constitutively active Ras |
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Definition
| cant hydrolyze GTP so it continuously signals |
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