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| respond to particular agents called antigens, they are like viruses and bacteria, antibodies are produced |
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act against any kind of invading agent, can act before specific take effect
*physical barriers: inflammation
*chemical barriers: fever
*cellular defenses: molecular defenses |
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Definition
act against any kind of invading agent, can act before specific take effect
*physical barriers: inflammation
*chemical barriers: fever
*cellular defenses: molecular defenses |
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| many layers of dead cells. water proof keratin |
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| competition and metabolic products (fatty and lactic acid would lower pH of our skin |
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sebaceous glands- sebum
(made of organic acids and lipids |
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release sweat and lowed pH
raises salt level |
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line tissues and organs that are exposed o the environment.
secrete mucus- trap pathogens |
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take over when physical barriers are breached.
includes he formed elements and leukocytes |
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erythroctes; red blood cells (RBC)
platelets- cell pars or fragments that function in clotting |
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WBC (white blood cells)
2 groups- granulocytes- have grainy cytoplasm and a lobed nucleus |
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| release histamine and causes inflammatory response |
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| present in large numbers during allergic reactions |
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| PMNL's (polymorphonuclear laukocytes) the respond the quickest after damage occurs |
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| soluble proteins that cause macrophage chemotaxis |
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Definition
| the phagosome bind with a lysosome (defensins perforate microbe) to make a phagolsosome |
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| lack a grainy cytoplasm and have round nuclei |
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Definition
| conribute to specific host immunity (antibodies). B and T types |
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Definition
| they come from lymphoid stem cells and are phagocytic and will become macrophages |
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Definition
| "big eaters", fixed vs. wandering |
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| stationary in tissue and are named according to where they are found. ex) histiocytes, kupffer cells, microglial cells, osteoclasts |
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| found in connective tissue (ex. cartillages) |
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| circulate in the blood loking for microbes. Nurophils |
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Definition
| soluble proteins that cause macrophage chemotaxis |
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Definition
| engulfing, digesting and destroying invading microbes or foreign particles. (ex. chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion) |
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Definition
| the movement of phagocytes to damaged area. Response o cytokines (soluble proteins that attract microphages) |
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Definition
| stick to it, ability of phagocyte to bind to surface molecules on the microbe. |
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Definition
| when pseudopods surround he organism and enclose i in a phagosome |
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| the phagosome bind with a lysosome to make a phagolysosme (defensins perforae microbe) chemicals released in microbe make hole |
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Definition
1. capsules that elude phagocytes (plague). prevents adherence
2. after ingestion, prevent fusion of lysosome with phagosome by existing in a parasitophorous vesicle.
3. produce toxins that kill phagocytes (leukocidin- staph, strepolyson- strep) |
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Definition
| eosinophils- excrete enzyme called MBP (major basic protein) that perforates larger microbes allowing macrophages to work. Natural killer (NK) cells |
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| natural killer (NK) cells |
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Definition
| recognize cells that are infeced by viruses and only kill that cell |
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| body's defensive response to damage from microbial infection (also mechanical injury ect) |
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| the host defenses will usually defeat the microbe |
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| damage causes release of histamine |
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Definition
| causes vessels to dialate and become more permiable, increase permiability and cause edemn (swelling), increase blood supply, increase redness, increase pressure, release of cloting factors (platletes and fibrin) |
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Definition
| alleviate above symptoms by keeping histamine away from its receptors |
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| accumulation of puss in a cavity created by tissue damage. Healing is constantly occuring during inflammation. Young people heal faster because reasons. |
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| neither the host nor the microbe defeats. Continues for a long time. Host defenses limit or confine agent in a granuloma |
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| a pocket of issue surrounding and walling off an infectious agent (ex. tuberculosis) |
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| the systemic increase in body temperature |
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| temperature is regulated by |
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| the hypothalamus (part of brain) |
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| any substance that causes fever |
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| endotoxins and endooxins. Cause macrophages to release ensogenious pirogens |
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| cytokine called interleukin 1 causes prostoglandins to be released which re adjusts the hypothalimus (causing fever). Body temp is raised and chills |
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| proein released from a virus infected cell that prevents oher cells from being infected |
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| group of regulatory proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive form. Activated by antigen- antibody complexes. Triggers opsonization, phagocitosis, inflammation |
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Definition
| a special antibody that binds an infectious agent marking it for phagocyosis |
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| protein released from a virus infected cells that prevents other cells from being infected. |
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| eyelashes and eyelids, prevent foreign objects from reaching cornea |
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| mucus membrane- on inner eyelid |
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| responsible for releasing tears, flushing, contain lysosome |
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| nasal cavity and sinuses, protected by mucus membrane. Pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. large population of normal flora. Mucus membrane. |
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| action of silia that move material to the pharynx to swallow or spit out |
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bronchioles and alveoli should be sterol
Alveolar macrophages take care of anything getting past the upper tract |
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| contains musin that coats everything, preventing it from attaching |
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| saliva, contain antibodies and lysozome |
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| hydrocloric acid and pepsin |
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| detoxifies and has phagocytes called kupffer cells |
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| lower end contains lymphocites and macrophages that prevent microbe entrance from large inestine |
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| normal flora- competition |
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| *vomitting and diarrhea rid the body of toxins and pathogens |
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Definition
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| normally sterile. Have phagocytes called microglial cells |
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| sphincters- mechanical barriers- flow of urine- low pH |
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