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| a trembling or shaking of the ground caused by sudden release of energy stored in the rocks beneath Earth's surface |
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| waves of energy produced by an earthquake |
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explanation of why earthquakes take place
it involves the sudden release of progressively stored strain in rocks, causing movement along a fault. |
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| the point on the earth's surface directly above the focus |
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the point within the earth where seismic waves first originate
center of earthquake, point of initial breakage and movement on a fault. |
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| seismic waves that travel through the earth's interior, spreading outward from the focus in all directions |
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| seismic waves that ravel on earth's surface away from the epicenter, like water waves spreading out from a pebble thrown into a pond. |
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| a compressional wave in which rock vibrates back and forth parallel to the direction of wave propagation |
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Definition
a slower, transverse wave that travels through near-surface rocks at 2 to 5 kilometers per second.
propagated by a shearing motion much like that in a stretched, shaken rope. |
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Definition
surface wave
most like S waves that have no vertical displacement
the ground moves side to side in a horizontal plane that is perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling or propagating. |
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surface wave
behave like rolling ocean waves
cause the ground to move in an elliptical path opposite to the direction the wave passes. |
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| a recording device that produces a permanent record of Earth motion detected by a seismometer, usually in the form of a wiggly line drawn on a moving strip of paper |
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paper record of earth vibration
can be used to measure the strength of the earthquake |
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| plots seismic-wave arrival time against distance |
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| the distance between focus and epicenter |
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| a measure of an earthquakes effect on people and buildings |
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| express intensities as roman numerals ranging from I to XII. higher numbers indicate greater damage |
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| measure of the energy released during the earthquake |
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| a numerical scale of magnitudes |
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most objective way of measuring the energy released by a large earthquake.
determined from the strength of the rock, surface area of the rupture, and the amount f rock displacement along the fault. |
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Definition
| small earthquakes that follow the main shock |
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| tsunami (seismic sea waves) |
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| caused by great earthquakes that disturb the sea floor, but they also result from submarine landslides or volcanic explosions |
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Definition
encircles the rim of the pacific ocean
most important concentration of earthquakes by far |
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Term
| mediterranean himalayan belt |
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Definition
| runs through the mediterranean sea, crosses the mideast and the himalayas, and passes through the east indies to meet the circum pacific belt north of australia |
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Definition
| zones of inclined seismic activity |
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| Benioff zones slope under a continent or a curved line of islands |
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