Term
| What are the 4 views of the political system? |
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Definition
Marxist View: system operates to serve corporate interests
Pluralist View: operates to manage conflict among organized groups
Weberian view: operates to sustain the dominance of the pervasive bureaucracy |
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Term
| What is the political agenda? |
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Definition
| A set of issues thought by the public or those in power to merit action by the government |
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Term
| What 4 factors affect the legitimacy of government action? |
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Definition
-Shared political views
-Weight of custom/tradition
-Impact of Events
- Changes in the way political elites think and talk about politics |
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Term
| What leads to the existence of "big government? |
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Definition
| - Caused by government customs and the impact of expanded beliefs * Not result of power of bureaucrats/politicians * ocurred based on a nonpartisan process |
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Term
| What are the leads to the existence of "big government? |
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Definition
- Caused by government customs and the impact of expanded beliefs
* Not result of power of bureaucrats/politicians
* ocurred based on a nonpartisan process |
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Term
| How does the impact of events affect the legitimate scope of government action? |
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Definition
| - Affects popular views of government action and the types of issues on the political agenda |
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Term
| How can the political agenda enlarged? |
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Definition
| - Can be enlarged without widespread public demand for a particular program or when conditions on which policy is based are improving |
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Term
| Differentiate between organized interests and unorganized interests |
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Definition
| Organized interest consists of working behind the scenes to voice policy interests and Unorganized group interests take causes to the streets often violently |
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Term
| What institutions have an important role in the agenda-setting process? |
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Definition
| Courts, Bureaucracy, Senate, and (Media) |
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Term
| What is "relative deprivation"? |
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Definition
| Classified as a greater awareness and decrease tolerance of current standards as conditions improve |
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Term
| What is the "tripwire" role? |
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Definition
| Role of the courts characterized by setting off a chain reaction altering the political agenda based on a USSC decision |
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Term
| What is the "professionalism of reform"? |
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Definition
| View of bureaucracy that it thinks of and solves problems by itself instead of responding to problems of others due to large sizer and amount of experts in bureaucracy |
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Term
| What changes in the political agenda occur? |
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Definition
-Slow changes occur in popular attitudes in response to critical events
-Quick changes in elite attitudes and government actions occur in response to each other |
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Term
| What is the nature of influences on government issues? |
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Definition
| affects the type of politicking that occurs which can be either interest group action, appeals to broad national constituencies, and bargaining in Congressional offices |
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Term
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Definition
| Any burden, monetary or nonmonetary, that some people must bear if a policy is adopted |
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Term
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Definition
| Any satisfaction, monetary or nonmonetary, that people believe they will enjoy if a policy is adopted |
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Term
| What are the aspects of costs and benefits? |
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Definition
| Includes Perception and Legitimacy |
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Term
| What is the effect of crisis? |
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Definition
| Allows for high and immediate costs to result from a particular policy |
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Term
| What is an effect of the perception of costs and benefits? |
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Definition
| Causes the formation of political coalitions |
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Term
| What are the four types of politics? |
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Definition
Majoritarian: distributed costs and benefits
Client: distributed costs and concentrated benefits
Entrepreneurial: concentrated costs and distributed benefits
Interest Group: concentrated costs and concentrated benefits |
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Term
| What do Majoritarian politics involve? |
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Definition
| Involves appeals to large groups of votes to create a majority and controversy surrounding costs and idology |
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Term
| What is the "free-rider" problem? |
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Definition
| Lack of citizen incentive to join interest group when there is policy support and distributed benefits |
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Term
| When do interest group politics occur? |
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Definition
| Occurs when a proposed policy benefits a small group and imposes costs on another small group |
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Term
| When do client politics occur? |
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Definition
| Occurs in issues with farmer benefits and price supports with airlines |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized by benefiting a small group while giving costs to all or a large part of society |
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Term
| What occurs when localities act as beneficiaries? |
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Definition
Pork-barrel projects: defined as projects that localities benefit from as clients
Logrolling: Consists of mutual aid among legislators for particular pet projects |
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Term
| When do entrepreneurial politics occur? |
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Definition
Occurs when a society as a whole benefits and a small group is imposed with costs
EXAMPLES: antipollution, safety requirements for cars, and gun control laws |
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Term
| What is the role of policy entrepreneurs? |
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Definition
-Consists of a key element in the adoption of policies with distributed benefits and concentrated costs
-Dramaticize an issue convincingly
- Do not lead entrepreneurial politics |
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Term
| What caused the initiation of the Superfund? |
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Definition
| Political pressure that developed from tales of toxic waste dangers (under Carter) |
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Term
| What was the main provision the Superfund in 1980? |
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Definition
| Consisted of forcing industries to clean-up toxic waste sites, with involvement by the EPA,and is entrepreneurial politics |
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Term
| What has contributed to the increase in entrepreneurial politics in recent years? |
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Definition
| Enlarged role of the media, decentralization of Congress, and a change in the attitudes of citizens |
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Term
| What is the public view of the existence of large corporations? |
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Definition
| Viewed as a threat to popular rule because economic power dominates political power based on the belief that wealth can buy influence |
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Term
| What is a view of the existence of politics? |
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Definition
| Viewed as a threat to the existence of a market economy, the values of economic growth, private property, and personal freedom |
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Term
| What type of politics does antitrust legislation fall under? |
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Definition
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Term
| What measures characterize antitrust legislation? |
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Definition
| Sherman Act of 1890, FTC Act of 1914, and the Clayton Act of 1914 |
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Term
| What is the effect of political ideology and personal convictions? |
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Definition
| Determine the amount of federal funds given to antitrust enforcement and the direction of enforcement efforts |
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Term
| How is the evolution of the labor union-business relationship characterized? |
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Definition
1935: Union victory in securing rights to organize, bargain collectively, and compel workers to unionized industry
1947: Business victory with Taft-Hartley Act that illegalized some boycott practices
1959: Business victory with the Landrum-Griffin Act |
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Term
| How could the president manipulate the composition of the National Labor Relations Board? |
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Definition
Determined by swaying the NLRB ideology with presidential appointments
- Democratic pres = prounion members
- Republican pres = pronmanagement memebers |
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Term
| What was the result of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970? |
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Definition
| Created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in the Department of Labor, in favor of labor union desire for a strict bill with tough standards |
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Term
| What is government regulation of business characterized by? |
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Definition
| Agency "capture" in which the regulated business firms capture the regulating agency in client politics |
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Term
| What are key examples of client politics? |
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Definition
| The Agricultural Adjustment Act of the 1930s, quotas on foreign sugar to decrease imports, and crop subsidies |
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Term
| What is necessary for successful client politics? |
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Definition
| popular perception of a particular group as a "deserving" client |
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Term
| What are examples of entrepreneurial politics? |
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Definition
| includes consumer and environmental-protection laws |
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Term
| What are the reasons for invincibility to agency "capture"? |
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Definition
| Includes strict enforcement of the laws, allowing for little discretion, existence of multiple industrial opponents compared to just one, strengthened "public interest" lobbies who support the creation of specific agencies, and the ease of using court to pressure regulator agencies |
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Term
| What is the here-and-now arguement? |
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Definition
| States that what happens now or in the near future is more important than the distant future |
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Term
| What is the cost arguement? |
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Definition
| States that people react more sharply to what they will lose if they adopt a policy versus what they will possibly gain |
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Term
| Where is the power of ideas seen primarily? |
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Definition
| Seen with examples of deregulation of certain industries and the ending/reducing of taxpayer-financed agricultural subsidies |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized the end of client politics and the importance of iron triangles seen with a decrease in airline fares |
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Term
| What is process regulation? |
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Definition
| Refers to rules aimed at improving consumer/worker safety and reducing environmental damage |
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