Term
|
Definition
| the study of populations – size, distribution and composition |
|
|
Term
| Changes in population occur as a result of three processes: |
|
Definition
Fertility (births)
Mortality (deaths)
Migration |
|
|
Term
| World’s population of 6.5 billion in 2006 is increasing by |
|
Definition
| more than 76 million people per year |
|
|
Term
| Between 2000 and 2030, almost all of the world’s 1.4 % annual population growth will occur in |
|
Definition
| low-income countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the actual level of childbearing for an individual or population
(Fecundity is the potential number of children who could be born if every woman reproduced at her maximum biological capacity) |
|
|
Term
| Infant mortality rate is the number |
|
Definition
| of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year – reflects society's level of medical care and nutrition |
|
|
Term
| Crude birth rate is total number of |
|
Definition
live births per 1,000 persons in a population in a given year
CBR = # of births in a year X 1,000
total population |
|
|
Term
| Crude death rate is number of |
|
Definition
deaths per 1,000 persons in a one year period
CDR = # of deaths in a year X 1,000
Total population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CBR – CDR (read as percent) |
|
|
Term
| Zero population growth rate (ZPG |
|
Definition
| births do not exceed deaths so the population remains the same from year to year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| average years of life remaining to people born in a particular year |
|
|
Term
| Childhood dependency ratio relates |
|
Definition
| size of population under 15 to working age people (18-64) |
|
|
Term
| Elderly dependency ratio relates |
|
Definition
| elderly (over age 65) to working age population (18-64) |
|
|
Term
| Migration- two types of movement |
|
Definition
Immigration is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency.
Emigration is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere |
|
|
Term
| Population composition is |
|
Definition
| is the biological and social characteristics of a population including age, sex, race, marital status, education, occupation, income, and household size. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of males for every hundred females in a given population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| graphic representation of the distribution of a population by sex and age |
|
|
Term
| Population growth theories is a theory by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
said human populations grow by geometric progression (2,4,8,16…) through doublings
BUT food supply grows arithmetically (1,2,3,4…) & reaches ultimate limit
When population grows to where food supply can no longer support it, the death rate increases to bring the two into balance – Malthusian Day of Reckoning
Historically famine, plague, wars served as positive checks on population keeping the two forces in balance
Malthus as a clergy man urged moral restraint through abstinence to control population but didn’t think people would follow that…
Day of Reckoning has been postponed by technological advances in contraception and agricultural methods and technology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Food supply does not have to be threatened by overpopulation – through technology food for growing population can be produced
Overpopulation occurs because capitalists want a surplus to workers to suppress wages and force employees to be more productive
Over population will eventually destroy capitalism when workers overthrow oppressive class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Re-emphasize the dangers of overpopulation and suggest exponential growth is occurring
Overpopulation is contribution to global environmental problems
Encourage zero population growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which societies move from high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates due to technological development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| before 1800 high death and high birth rates so low (0.5%) growth rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deaths fall due to medical advances and sanitation improvements plus industrialization and economic stimulation while birth rates stay high* so significant growth |
|
|
Term
| Advanced industrial urbanization |
|
Definition
| birth rates fell** making both birth and death rates low so little population growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| birth rates continue to decline due to working women and cost of kids in industrial society – slow or no growth due to stable death rate and declining birth rates |
|
|
Term
| In developing countries decline in birth rates is not happening due to: |
|
Definition
Attitudes that value children
Traditional male and female roles
Religious influence
Unaware death rates have declined
No value on social mobility
Political leaders who believe population growth is necessary for economic development |
|
|
Term
| Lower birth rates are related to favorable attitude toward limiting family size based on several factors: |
|
Definition
Marked reduction in infant and child mortality
Industrialization and urbanization changed the character of family life – greater job specialization and need for formal education made children family expense rather than economically productive
Improved status of women due to their education and changing labor market |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At least 25% of third world population does not have daily minimal intake of calories |
|
|
Term
| Production and distribution |
|
Definition
| of food are variables in why people don’t get enough to eat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes food shortages by influencing the amount that is produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fiscal crisis
health care crisis
issues for persons with disabilities
race, class and suburbs |
|
|
Term
| Simmel’s view of city life: |
|
Definition
urban life is stimulating shaping people’s thoughts and actions
urban residents avoid emotional involvement and ignore events around them
urban living can be liberating creating opportunities for individualism and autonomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
urbanism is a way of life
size, density, and heterogeneity result in a complex division of labor and spatial segregation
community is replaced by mass society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the study of man’s adjustment to his natural environment (competition for available space)
1. Concentric circle model – looks like pebble in pond. Due to invasion, succession and gentrification cities are a series of circular zones characterized by particular land use (business district at center, transition zone of decay followed by residential suburbs and commuting zone). Each zone extends area by invasion of new uses that leads to succession of population and land use. Economic functions and land use are factors.
2. Sector growth model – looks like a pie cut in slices. Cities consist of wedge-shaped sectors, based on terrain and transportation routes with most expensive areas occupying the best terrain. City expands in wedges from the center along main transportation lines in axial growth to outer most limits. Upper class exerts pull on business district that grows in its direction. Middle class settles on fringe.
3. Multiple nuclei theory – looks like planet with satellites. Cities have more than one center of development based on specific needs and activities. Social and cultural factors make for irregular business district at center. Specialized districts based on land use including industrial and residential suburbs, heavy and light manufacturing, outlying business. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looks like pebble in pond. Due to invasion, succession and gentrification cities are a series of circular zones characterized by particular land use (business district at center, transition zone of decay followed by residential suburbs and commuting zone). Each zone extends area by invasion of new uses that leads to succession of population and land use. Economic functions and land use are factors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looks like a pie cut in slices. Cities consist of wedge-shaped sectors, based on terrain and transportation routes with most expensive areas occupying the best terrain. City expands in wedges from the center along main transportation lines in axial growth to outer most limits. Upper class exerts pull on business district that grows in its direction. Middle class settles on fringe. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| looks like planet with satellites. Cities have more than one center of development based on specific needs and activities. Social and cultural factors make for irregular business district at center. Specialized districts based on land use including industrial and residential suburbs, heavy and light manufacturing, outlying business. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes shift in population from country to cities – industrialization encouraged it as people migrated to cities to find work |
|
|
Term
| Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of US population lives in metropolitan areas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What develop as residental areas beyond central cities and suburbs? |
|
Definition
| Edge cities develop as residential areas beyond central cities and suburbs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fairly small communities that develop near central cities.
NOTE: Since WW2, the population has shifted to the suburbs. Suburban residents rely on urban centers for jobs but pay property taxes to suburban governments and school districts. |
|
|
Term
| Types of (mainly white) suburbs |
|
Definition
1. Exclusive upper income – rigid social credentials
2. Middle class family- family oriented midpoint on way to better job and house
3. Working class- center of social life – little mobility
4. Cosmopolitan center-provide cultural attractions of urban life |
|
|
Term
| What do political economy models predict about inequalities among suburbs? |
|
Definition
| Political economy models predict that inequalities will increase among suburbs: low status communities will deteriorate while high status will reinforce advanced positions |
|
|
Term
| Capitalism and urban growth |
|
Definition
capitalist class chooses locations for skyscrapers and housing projects, limiting choice by others.
Economic and political factors affect urban growth
Urban space has both exchange and use value
Urban development depends on structure and agency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
different cities have different ideologies regarding access to social positions and resources for men and women.
Private patriarchy – females dependent on male money at home
Public patriarchy -females dependent on paid work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| females dependent on male money at home |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| females dependent on paid work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of mid and upper income usually whites to lower income areas to refurbish housing stock that is in decline – creates affordable housing problems for lower income families |
|
|
Term
| Gans’ types of urban dwellers |
|
Definition
Cosmopolites – affluent, professionals, artists, intellectuals who live in the city to be close to cultural facilities
Unmarried or childless – yuppies, temporary or permanent, who live in city to be close to work and entertainment.
Ethnic villagers – live in ethnically segregated neighborhoods creating world within world ethnic enclaves like Chinatown
Deprived – minorities, very poor, dim future prospects
Trapped – unable to move when neighborhood changes like the elderly and addicts who cannot escape because downwardly mobile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affluent, professionals, artists, intellectuals who live in the city to be close to cultural facilities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| yuppies, temporary or permanent, who live in city to be close to work and entertainment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| live in ethnically segregated neighborhoods creating world within world ethnic enclaves like Chinatown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| minorities, very poor, dim future prospects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unable to move when neighborhood changes like the elderly and addicts who cannot escape because downwardly mobile |
|
|
