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| The concept of mental disorders is difficult to define. Nevertheless, criteria for mental disorders include statistical rarity, subjective distress, impairment, societal disapproval, and biological dysfunction. Some scholars argue that mental illness is best captured by a family resemblance view. |
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Definition
| Identify criteria for defining mental disorders. |
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| Brothers and sisters share a family resemblance; they look like each other but don't have any one feature in common. The broad category of "mental disorders" may be similar. Different mental disorders aren't alike in the same exact way, but they share a number of features. |
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Definition
| Describe the family resemblance view of mental disorder. |
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| The demonic model of mental illness was followed by the medical model of the Renaissance. In the early 1950s, medications to treat schizophrenia led to deinstitutionalization. Some psychological conditions are culture-specific. Still, many mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, can be found in most or all cultures. |
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Definition
| Describe conceptions of diagnoses across history and cultures. |
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| During the Middle Ages, __________ was often used to treat mental illness. |
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| Institutions for the mentally ill created in the fifteenth century were known as __________. |
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| In the United States in the nineteenth century, Dorothea Dix advocated for ________________, an approach calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness. |
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| In the early 1950s, medications that treated schizophrenia, like chlorpromazine, led to a government policy called _____________. |
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Definition
| Some eating disorders are examples of a _____________ disorder specific to Western cultures. |
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| Misconceptions include the ideas that a diagnosis is nothing more than pigeonholing, and that diagnoses are unreliable, invalid, and stigmatizing. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) is a valuable tool that contains separate axes for psychiatric diagnoses, medical conditions, life stressors, and overall life functioning. Its limitations include high levels of comorbidity and an assumption of a categorical model in the absence of compelling evidence. |
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Definition
| Identify common misconceptions about psychiatric diagnoses, and the strengths and limitations of the current diagnostic system. |
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| Trials involving dueling expert witnesses may contribute to the erroneous public perception that psychologists can't agree on the diagnoses of individuals with suspected mental disorders. |
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Definition
| What misconception regarding psychiatric diagnosis is fuelled by high-profile media coverage of "duelling expert witnesses" in criminal trials? |
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Definition
| DSM-IV asks psychologists and psychiatrists to assess patients along multiple _________, or dimensions of functioning. |
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| The diagnostic criteria used to classify individuals with mental disorders in DSM-IV (are/are not) based on completely on scientific evidence. |
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| comorbidity (co-occurrence of 2+ diagnoses in the same person) |
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Definition
| One of the problems with DSM-IV is the high level of __________ among many of its diagnoses. |
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Term
| Panic attacks involve intense yet brief rushes of fear that are greatly out of proportion to the actual threat. In phobias, fears are intense and highly focused. In PTSD, extremely stressful events produce enduring anxiety. OCD is marked by intensely disturbing thoughts, senseless or irrational rituals, or both. Learning theory proposes that fears can be learned via classical and operant conditioning and observation. Anxious people tend to catastrophize or exaggerate the likelihood of negative events. Many anxiety disorders are genetically influenced. |
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Definition
| Describe the many ways people experience anxiety. |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
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Definition
| People with _______________________ spend an average of 60 percent of each day worrying. |
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Definition
| People suffer from _______________ when they experience panic attacks that are repeated and unexpected and when they change their behaviour in an attempt to avoid panic attacks. |
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Definition
| A ____________ is an intense fear of an object or a situation that's greatly out of proportion to its actual threat. |
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| Combat veterans and those who have experienced a natural disaster or sexual assault are at high risk. |
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Definition
| What type of person is at high risk for developing PTSD? |
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Definition
| Persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate and cause distress are called _____________. |
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Definition
| Repetitive behaviours or mental acts initiated to reduce or prevent stress are called _____________. |
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| OCD; also Cameron Diaz, Billy Bob Thornton, and David Beckham |
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Definition
| What anxiety disorder did the billionaire industrialist Howard Hughes suffer from? Can you name some other well-known people who suffer from this disorder? |
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| People _____________ when they predict terrible events, despite the low probability of their actual occurrence. |
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Definition
| Anxious people tend to interpret ambiguous situations in a (negative/positive) light. |
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Definition
| Many people with anxiety disorders harbour high levels of _________________, a fear of anxiety-related sensations. |
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Term
| The sad mood of major depression is the mirror image of the expansive mood associated with a manic episode, seen in bipolar disorder. Depression can be recurrent or, more rarely, chronic. Manic episodes are often preceded or followed by bouts of depression. The diagnosis of the type of mood disorder depends in part on the intensity of the depressive or manic experience. |
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Definition
| Identify the characteristics of different mood disorders. |
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| The state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities is called a(n) ___________________. |
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| Over the course of a lifetime, more than ___ percent of us will experience a mood disorder. |
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Definition
| Bipolar disorder is (equally common/more common) in women compared with men. |
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Definition
| Twin studies suggest that the ___________ of bipolar disorder may be as high as 85 percent. |
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| Stressful life events are linked to depression. Depressed people may face social rejection, which can amplify depression. According to Lewinsohn's behavioural model, depression results from a low rate of response-contingent positive reinforcement. Aaron Beck's cognitive model holds that negative schemas play an important role in depression, whereas Martin Seligman's model emphasizes learned helplessness. Genes exert a moderate effect on the risk of developing depression. |
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Definition
| Describe how life events can interact with characteristics of the individual to produce depression symptoms. |
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Term
| According to this model, depression can trigger rejection from others, in turn contributing to further depression. |
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Definition
| Describe James Coyne's interpersonal model of depression. |
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Definition
| Lewinsohn's behavioural model assumes that depression results from a (low/high) rate of response-contingent positive reinforcement. |
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Definition
| Aaron Beck's cognitive model focused on three components of depressed thinking: negative views of _________, the ________, and the ___________. |
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Term
| Myths about suicide include the misconception that talking to depressed people about suicide makes them more likely to commit the act, suicide is almost always completed with no warning, suicide risk decreases as severe depression lift, most people who threaten suicide are seeking attention, and people who talk a lot about suicide almost never commit it. |
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Definition
| Identify common myths and misconceptions about suicide. |
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Term
| Major depression; bipolar disorder |
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Definition
| _________________ and __________________ are associated with a higher risk of suicide than most other disorders. |
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Definition
| Many or most individuals who commit suicide (communicate/do not communicate) their intent to others. |
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Term
| Borderline personality disorder is marked by instability in mood, identity, and impulse control. People with psychopathic personality are guiltless, dishonest, callous, and self-centred. |
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Definition
| Identify the characteristics of borderline and psychopathic personality disorders. |
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Definition
| Of all psychiatric conditions, personality disorders are historically the (least/most) reliably diagnosed. |
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Definition
| Persons with borderline personality disorder's impulsivity and rapidly fluctuating emotions often have a _____________ quality. |
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| A diagnosis of ____________ personality disorder is characterized by a lengthy history of illegal and irresponsible actions. |
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Definition
| Most people with psychopathic personalities (are/are not) physically aggressive. |
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| She's a woman--most people with psychopathic personality disorder are men. |
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Definition
| From a psychological perspective, what's rare about the case of serial killer Aileen Wuornos? |
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Term
| Dissociative disorders involve disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. The role of severe child abuse in DID is controversial. The sociocognitive model holds that social influences, including the media and suggestive procedures in psychotherapy, shape symptoms of DID. |
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Definition
| Explain the controversies surrounding dissociative disorders, especially dissociative identity disorder. |
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Definition
| In DID, the alternate identities are often very (similar to/different from) the primary personality. |
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Definition
| The intriguing differences that researchers have identified among alters in their respiration rates, brain wave activity, eyeglass prescription, handedness, skin conductance responses, voice patterns, and handwriting (do/don't) provide conclusive evidence for the existence of different alters. |
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Definition
| According to the _______________ model, DID arises from a history of severe abuse during childhood. |
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| Mainstream treatment techniques for DID reinforce the idea that the person possesses multiple identities. These techniques include using hypnosis to "bring forth" hidden alters, communicating with alters and giving them different names, and encouraging patients to recover repressed memories supposedly housed in different selves. |
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Definition
| According to the sociocognitive model, how might a therapist contribute to the origin and maintenance of DID? |
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Definition
| Some psychologists hold that the _______________ have played a pivotal role in the DID epidemic. |
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Term
| The symptoms of schizophrenia include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized behaviour or catatonia. |
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Definition
| Recognize the characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia. |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder |
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Definition
| Despite the origin of the term "schizophrenia", it shouldn't be confused with __________________. |
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Definition
| Strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality are called ___________. |
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Definition
| _________ symptoms represent serious reality distortions. |
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| Most _________________ in schizophrenia are auditory, usually consisting of voices. |
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| People with schizophrenia exhibit _______________ in which their language becomes severely jumbled and skips from topic to topic in a disjointed way. |
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Definition
| __________ symptoms involve motor problems, extreme resistance to complying with simple suggestions, holding the body in rigid postures, and refusing to speak or move. |
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| Scientists have discovered brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia. Individuals with schizophrenia are prone to relapse when their relatives display high expressed emotion (criticism, hostility, and overinvolvement). |
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Definition
| Explain how psychological, neural, biochemical, and genetic influences create the vulnerability to schizophrenia. |
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| It is widely acknowledged today that parents and family members (cause/don't cause) schizophrenia. |
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| Research indicates that one or more of four fluid-filled structures called ventricles, which cushion and nourish the brain, are typically (enlarged/diminished) in individuals with schizophrenia. |
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| A ______________ model proposes that schizophrenia, along with many other mental disorders, is a product of genetic vulnerability and stressors that trigger this vulnerability. |
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| Individuals with autistic disorder are marked by severe deficits in language, social bonding, and imagination, usually accompanied by "mental retardation." Children with ADHD experience problems with inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, and often struggle with learning disabilities, difficulties processing verbal information, and poor balance and coordination. Some scholars have expressed concerns that ADHD is overdiagnosed in some settings, although others point to evidence that some children with ADHD are actually overlooked by many diagnosticians. One of the most controversial diagnostic challenges in distinguishing children with ADHD from children with bipolar disorder. |
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Definition
| Describe the symptoms and debate surrounding disorders diagnosed in childhood. |
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Definition
| Genetic influences alone (can/can't) easily account for an astronomical rise in autism's prevalence over the span of a decade. |
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Definition
| Research studies have (failed/succeeded) in replicating the association between the MMR vaccine and autism. |
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Definition
| Many parents of children with autism probably fall prey to _________________; they "see" a statistical association that didn't exist. |
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| Evidence suggests that more liberal diagnostic criteria rather than vaccines can account for most, if not all, of the reported autism epidemic. In addition, both the Canadian Disability Act, and the Americans with Disabilities Act indirectly encouraged school districts to classify more children as having autism and other developmental disabilities, as these children could now receive more extensive educational accomodations. |
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Definition
| What really accounts for most of the reported autism epidemic, despite many parents' conviction that vaccines trigger the disorder? |
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Term
| hyperactivity; inattention |
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Definition
| The diagnosis of ADHD subsumes two subtypes, one with ____________ and one without, in which _____________ is predominant. |
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Definition
| The first signs of hyperactivity may be evident in ___________. |
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Definition
| Although a high level of physical activity often diminishes as children with ADHD mature and approach adolescence, adjustment problems such as _________ and __________________ are frequent. |
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Definition
| ADHD is associated with (increased/decreased) activation in the frontal areas of the brain. |
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| Possible answers: traumatic brain injuries, diabetes, thyroid problems, vitamin deficiencies, anxiety, and depression |
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Definition
| List at least three conditions that must be first ruled out before an accurate diagnosis of ADHD can be made. |
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| Because ___ to ___ percent of children with bipolar disorder share an ADHD diagnosis, a hypothesis to consider is that many children diagnosed with bipolar disorder are merely those with severe symptoms of ADHD |
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| The model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in kind rather than degree is known as the _____________ model. |
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| The model in which a mental disorder differs from normal functioning in degree rather than in kind is known as the _____________ model. |
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| ___________ is the fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarrassing, or in which help is unavailable in the event of a panic attack. |
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| _________________ is characterized as being detached from oneself; as if one is living a dream or a movie or observing one's body from the perspective of an outsider. |
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| The inability to recall important personal information--most often related to a stressful experience--that can't be explained by ordinary forgetfulness is known as _______________. |
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| ________________ is a sudden, unexpected travel away from home or the workplace (often without telling anybody), accompanied by amnesia for significant life events. |
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