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Chapter 15: Blood Vessels, Blood Flow and Blood Pressure
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43
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
11/20/2013

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Term
Arterial Blood Pressure
Definition
Blood pressure in the aorta
Term
MAP
Definition
The average arterial pressure during the cardiac cycel
Term
Artery
Definition
Muscular, highly elastic. Carries blood from the heart to the arterioles
Term
Arteriole
Definition
Muscular, well innervated. Smaller than artery. Carries blood from the heart to the capilaries
Term
Capillary
Definition
Thin-walled, highly permeable. Smallest blood vessels in the body.
Term
Veunule
Definition
Thin-walled, larger than capillaries but smaller than arterioles. Formed from network of capillaries and carry blood to veins
Term
Veins
Definition
Thin-walled, fairly muscular, highly distensible. Carry blood from venules back to heart.
Term
Active Hyperemia
Definition
Increased blood flow to due an increase in metabolic activity
Term
Reactive Hyperemia
Definition
Increased blood flow in response to a previous reduction in blood flow.
Term
Vasoconstriction
Definition
Increased resistance to blood flow
Term
Vasodilation
Definition
Decreased resistance to blood flow
Term
Myogenic Response
Definition
A change in vascular resistance that does not require the action of sympathetic nerves, bloodborne hormones, or other chemical agents
Term
What happens when norpeinephrine binds to alpha adrenergic receptors?
Definition
Vasoconstriction
Increase in TPR
Increase in MAP
Term
What happens when epinephrine binds to beta 2 adrenergic receptors?
Definition
Activation of the cAMP second messenger system resulting in vasodilation
Term
Epinephrine has the greatest affinity for which type of receptors?
Definition
Beta 2 receptors
Term
What two hormones regulate arteriolar resistance, cause vasoconstriction and an increase in MAP?
Definition
Vasopressin (ADH)
Angiotensin II
Term
Vasopressin
Definition
A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland that limits urine output and causes vasoconstriction
Term
Angiotensin II
Definition
A protein derived from angiotensin in a two step process.
1. Angiotensin is coverted to angiotensin I by renin.
2. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme.
Increases TPR and MAP
Term
What happens when epinephrine binds to alpha adrenergic receptors?
Definition
Vasoconstriction
Term
Continous Capillaries
Definition
Endothelial cells are joined together with tight junctions, limiting the passage of some molecules
Term
Fenestrated Capillaries
Definition
Endothelial cells possess relatively large pores that allow rapid diffusion of small water-soluble substances.
Term
Edema
Definition
A shift in fluid from plasma to interstitial fluid which causes a swelling of tissues.
Term
Staring Forces
Definition
The forces that drive the movement of fluid into and out of capillaries.
Term
Capillary Hyrdrosatatic Pressure
Definition
Due to the hydrostatic pressure of fluid inside the capillary. Moves water across the capillary. Favors filtration
Term
Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure
Definition
Due to the hydrostatic pressure of fluid outside the capillary. Favors absorption
Term
Capillary Osmotic Pressure
Definition
Due to the presence of nonpermeating solutes inside the capillary. Draws fluid into the capillary
Term
Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure
Definition
Due to the presence of nonpermeating solutes outside the capillary. Draws fluid out of the capillary
Term
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Definition
Osmotic pressure that is exerted by proteins
Term
Net Filtration Pressure
Definition
Difference in the filtration pressures and the absorption pressures that affect the direction of fluid flow across the wall of a capillary.
Term
Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) =
Definition
Filtration pressure (Pcap + pi IF) - absorption pressure (pi cap + P IF)
Term
When the sign of the NFP is positive what occurs?
Definition
Filtration
Term
When the sign of the NFP is negative what occurs?
Definition
Absorption
Term
Which starling forces favor absorption?
Definition
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure and capillary osmotic pressure
Term
Which starling forces favor filtration?
Definition
Capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
Term
Filtration
Definition
Fluid moves from blood to interstitial fluid
Term
Absorption
Definition
Fluid moves from interstitial fluid to blood
Term
Hypertension
Definition
Elevated MAP
Term
Venous Pooling
Definition
Pooling of blood in the veins
Term
Venomotor Tone
Definition
A rise in tension that is stimulated by increased contractile activity and the result of acitivity of the sympathetic nervous system
Term
An increase in venomotor tone can lead to ...
Definition
A slight increase in stroke volume and an increase in CO and MAP.
Term
Baroreceptor
Definition
A type of sensory neuron in blood vessels and the heart that responds to changes in pressure within the cardiovascular system
Term
Arterial baroreceptors can be found where?
Definition
The aortic arch and the carotid sinuses of the carotid arteries.
Term
Arterial baroreceptors respond specifically to what?
Definition
Stretching that occurs during the pressure changes in arteries.
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