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Chapter 15
Neurological Disorders
68
Psychology
Graduate
11/13/2016

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Term
Tumor
Definition
A mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled and that serves no useful function.
Term
Malignant
Definition
A cancerous (Literally "harm-producing") tumor; lacks a distinct border and may metastasize.
Term
Benign
Definition
A noncancerous (literally "harmless") tumor; has a distinct border and cannot metastasize.
Term
Metastases
Definition
The process by which cells break off a tumor, travel through the vascular system, and grow elsewhere in the body.
Term
Gliomas
Definition
A cancerous brain tumor composed of one of several types of glial cells.
Term
Meningioma
Definition
A benign brain tumor composed of the cells that constitute the meninges specifically the dura mater and arachnoid membrane.
Term
tumor initiating cells
Definition
Cells that originate from transformations of neural stem cells, rapidly proliferate, and give rise to a glioma.
Term
Convulsion
Definition
A violent sequence of uncontrollable muscular movements caused by a seizure.
Term
Seizure disorder
Definition
Epilepsy
Term
Partial Seizures
Definition
A seizure that begins at a focus and remains localized, not generalizing to the rest of the brain.
Term
Generalized seizures
Definition
A seizure that involves most of the brain, as contrasted with a partial seizure, which remains localized.
Term
Simple Partial Seizures
Definition
A partial seizure, starting from a focus and remaining localized, that does not produce loss of consciousness.
Term
Complex Partial Seizures
Definition
A partial seizure, starting from a focus and remaining localized, that produces loss of consciousness.
Term
Grand Mal
Definition
A generalized, tonic-clonic seizure which results in a convulsion.
Term
Aura
Definition
A sensation that precedes a seizure; its exact nature depends on the location of the seizure focus.
Term
Tonic Phase
Definition
The first phase of a grand mal seizure, in which all of the patient's skeletal muscles are contracted. - Unconscious
Term
Clonic Phase
Definition
The phase of a grand mal seizure in which the patient shows rhythmic jerking movements. Movements are quick at first and then slow down.
Term
Absence Seizure
Definition
A type of seizure disorder often seen in children; characterized by periods of inattention, which are not subsequently remembered; also called petite mal seizure.
Term
Status Epilepticus
Definition
A condition in which a patient undergoes a series of seizures without regaining consciousness. Caused by an excessive release of glutamate.
Term
Hemorrhagic Strokes
Definition
A cerebrovascular accident caused by the rupture of a cerebral blood vessel. Usually from a malformed blood vessel, blood leaks out and puts pressure on the brain.
Term
Ischemic Strokes
Definition
A cerebrovascular accident caused by occlusion of a blood vessel and interruption of the blood supply to region of the brain.
Term
Thrombus
Definition
A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel, which may occlude.
Term
Emobolus
Definition
A piece of matter (such as blood clot, fat, or bacterial debris) that dislodges from its site of origin and occludes an artery; in the brain an embolus can lead to a stroke.
Term
Free radicals
Definition
A molecule with unpaired elections; acts as a powerful oxidizing agent; toxic to cells.
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
Process by which the linings of arteries develop a layer of plaque, consisting of deposits of cholesterol, fats, calcium, and cellular waste products.
Term
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
Definition
For of TBI, results in neuordegeneration due to repeated head trauma.
Common in athletes.
Term
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Definition
Inclusive term for a range of neurodevelopmental changes characterized by abnormal facial development and impaired brain development.
Term
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Definition
A birth defect caused by ingestion of alcohol by a pregnant woman; includes characteristic facial anomalies and faulty brain developmental
Term
Neural Adhesion Protein
Definition
A protein that plays a role in brain development; helps to guide the growth of neurons.
Term
Phenylketonura (PKU)
Definition
A hereditary disorder caused by the absence of an enzyme that converts the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine; the accumulation of phenylalanine causes brain damage unless a special diet is implemented after birth.
Term
Pyridoxine Dependency
Definition
A metabolic disorder in which an infant requires larger - than - normal amounts of pyridoxine (vitamin b6) to avoid neurological symptoms.
Term
Galactosemia
Definition
An inheritable, fatal, metabolic storage disorder; lack of enzymes in lysosomes causes accumulation of waste product and swelling of cells in the brain.
Term
Tay-Sachs Disease
Definition
A heritable,fatal, metabolic storage disorder; lack of enzymes in lysosomes causes accumulation of waste product and swelling of cells in the brain.
Term
Down Syndrome
Definition
A disorder caused by the presnce of an extra 21st chromosome, characterized by moderate to severe intellectual disability and often by physical abnormalities
Term
Transmissible Spongiform Encepalapathy (TSE)
Definition
A cantagious brain disease whose degerative process gives the brain a spongelike appearance; caused by accumulation of misfold prion protein.
Term
Prion
Definition
A protein that can exist in two forms that differ only in their three-dimensional shape; accumulation of misfolded prion protein is responsible for TSE.
Term
Sporaric
Definition
A disease that occurs rarely and is not obviously caused by heredity or an infectious agent.
Term
Capases
Definition
A "killer" that plays a role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death.
Term
Lewy Bodies
Definition
Abnormal circular structures with a dense core consisting of alpha-synuclein protein; found in the cytoplasm of nigrostriatal neurons in people with Parkinson's disease
Term
Alpha - synucclein
Definition
A protein normally found in the presynaptic membrane where i is apparently involved in synaptic plasticity. Abnormal accumulations are apparently the cause of neural degeneration in Parkinson's disease.
Term
Toxic Gain of Function
Definition
Said of a genetic disorder caused by a dominant mutation that involves a faulty gene that produces a protein with toxic effects.
Term
Parkin
Definition
A protein that plays a role in ferrying defective or misfolded proteins to the proteasomes; mutated parkin is a cause of familial Parkinson's disease.
Term
Loos of Function
Definition
Said of genetic disorder caused by a recessive gene that fails to produce a protein that is necessarily for good health.
Term
Proteasomes
Definition
An organelle responsible for destroying defective or degraded proteins withing the cell.
Term
Ubiquitin
Definition
A protein that attaches itself to faulty or misfolded proteins and thus targets them for destruction by proteasomes.
Term
Internal division of the globus pallidus (GPi)
Definition
A division of the globus pallidus that provides inhibitory input to the motor cortex via the thalamus, sometimes stereotaxically lesioned to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Term
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
Definition
A surgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes in particular region of the brain and attaching a device that permits the electrical stimulation of that region through the electrodes.
Term
Huntington's Disease
Definition
An inherited disorder that causes degeneration of the basal ganglia; characterized by progressively more severe uncontrollable jerking movements, writing movements dementia and finally death.
Degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen.
Term
Huntingtin (Htt)
Definition
A protein that may serve to facilitate the production and transport of brain derived neurotropic factor. Abnormal huntingtin is the cause of Huntongton's Disease.
-Misfolded and forms aggregations that accumulate in the nucleus.
Term
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Definition
A degenerative disorder that attacks the spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons.
Term
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Definition
Autoimmune demyelinating disease. Sclerotic plaques.
Term
Sclerotic Plaques
Definition
Hard patches of debris left behind the myelin sheath destruction.
Term
Dementia
Definition
A loss of cognitive abilities such as memory, perception, verbal, ability,and judgment; common causes are multiple strokes and Alzheimer's disease.
Term
Alzheimer's Disease
Definition
A degeneration brain disorder of unknown origin; causes progressive memory loss, motor deficits, and eventual death.
Term
Amyloid plaques
Definition
An extracellular deposit containing a dense core of B-amyloid protein surrounded by degenerating axons and dendrites and activated microglia and relative astrocytes.
Term
B-amyloid
Definition
A protein found in excessive amounts in the brains of patients with with Alzheimer's disease.
Term
Neurofibrillary Tangles
Definition
A dying neuron containing intracellular accumulations a abnormally phosphorylated tau-protein filaments that formerly served as the cell's internal skeleton.
Term
Tau Protein
Definition
A protein that normally serves as a component of microtubules, which provide the cell's transport mechanism and cytoskeleton.
Term
B-amyloid precursor protein (APP)
Definition
A protein produced and secreted by cells that serves as the precursor for B amyloid protein.
Term
Secretases
Definition
A class of enzymes that cut the B-amyloid precursor or protein into smaller fragments, including B-amyloid.
Term
Frontotemporal Dimentia (Pick's Disease)
Definition
A mutation of the gene for tau protein causes degeneration of the frontal and temporal cortex, and subsequent dementia.
Term
Preseniin
Definition
A protein produced by a faulty gene that causes B-amyloid precursor protein to be converted to the abnormal short form; may be a cause of Alzheimer's disease.
Term
Encephalitus
Definition
Infection that invades the entirebrain.
Term
Apoliopoprotein E (ApoE)
Definition
A glycoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood and plays a role in cellular repair; presence of the E4 allele of the APoE gene increases the risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
Term
Herpes Simplex Virus
Definition
A form of herpes virus used for anterogradee transneural tracing, which labels a series of neurons that are interconnected synaptically. "cold sores"
Term
Acute Anterior Polimyelitis
Definition
A viral disease that destroys motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord. "Polio"
Term
Rabies
Definition
A fatal viral disease that causes brain damage; usually transmitted through the bite of an infected animal.
Term
Meningitus
Definition
An inflammation of the meninges; can be caused by viruses or bacteria.
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