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Chapter 15
Units: 4, 5, 6
165
Medical
Post-Graduate
03/25/2012

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Why QA and QC are of the utmost importance in any lab setting
Definition
QA ensures that instruments, reagants, and technician technique remain constant. With the implementation of a reliable QA program, patient results may be reported without compromise. Part of the QA includes daily QC monitoring with minimum performing two checks in the form of a low and high control. Any QC test results outside of the manufacturer's prescribed range must be investigated, and no patient results may be reported until the problem is solved.
Term
Identify three categories of testing within the lab setting
Definition
waived, moderately complex, and highly complex.
Term
identify the three elements of a complete urinalysis
Definition
physical, chemical, and microscopic
Term
what two tests are commonly used in screening for anemia
Definition
Hgb and hematocrit
Term
identify the proper units of measurement for reporting hemoglobin and hematocrit results
Definition
Hgb is reported as g/dL and hematocrit is reported as a percent
Term
what is the chief function of leukocytes
Definition
protection against antigens such as viruses and bacteria
Term
what is the test used for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
Definition
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Term
name two diseases associated with hypercholesterolemia
Definition
arterosclerosis and atherosclerosis
Term
name three tests that may be performed in the POL for immunology testing
Definition
monospot tests, urine pregnancy tests, allergy testing
Term
discuss the differences random, first morning, clean-catch midstream, and 24-hour urine specimens
Definition
a random specimen is collected at any time of the day without special preparation. the first morning specimen is collected when the patient first awakens in the morning and is the most concentrated, yielding the most accurate results. clean-catch midstream urine specimens require that the patient clean the external genitalia prior to collection of the specimen; additionally, the first portion of the vioded specimen is not collected, although the middle portion of the specimen is collected in a sterile container. A 24-hour urined specimen required the patient to begin timing from the first morning specimen on the onset of the 24 hours period, dicard that specimen, and collect all subsequent specimens within 24-hour time frame.
Term
identify types of pathogens that may be checked in fecal specimens
Definition
ova, parasites, bacteria, and viruses
Term
which conditions might be diagnosed in a sputum specimen?
Definition
cancer, tuberculosis, bacterial infections, fungul infections, and viral infections
Term
normal male Hgb
Definition
14-18 g/dL
Term
normal female Hgb
Definition
12-16 g/dL
Term
normal WBC
Definition
3,500-11,000
Term
normal female ESR
Definition
0-20 mm/hr
Term
PKU
Definition
Phenylketonuria
Term
normal glucose
Definition
below 126 mg/dL fasting
Term
normal cholesterol
Definition
below 200 mg/dL fasting
Term
normal fecal occult blood
Definition
negative
Term
normal male ESR
Definition
0-10 mm/hr
Term
normal female Hct
Definition
37%-47%
Term
normal male RBC
Definition
4.5 to 6.0 million/cubic mm
Term
normal male Hct
Definition
40%-54%
Term
normal female RBC
Definition
4.0-5.5 million/cubic mm
Term
Polycythemia
Definition
Abnormal increase in all blood cells
Term
test for non-specific tissue damage
Definition
ESR
Term
screen for diabetes
Definition
glucose
Term
equals hgb x 3 + 3
Definition
Hematocrit
Term
specific gravity
Definition
concentration/ dilution of urine specimen
Term
pH
Definition
normal urine, slightly acidic
Term
bilirubin
Definition
may indicate liver disease when detected
Term
ketones
Definition
positive in starvation
Term
SSA
Definition
confirmative test for urinary protein
Term
Acetest
Definition
confirmative test for urinary ketones
Term
Ictotest
Definition
confirmative test for urinary bilirubin
Term
Hematuria
Definition
blood in the urine
Term
Epstein Barr virus
Definition
virus that causes infectious mononucleosis
Term
human chorionic gonadotropin
Definition
pregancy
Term
RAST
Definition
allergy testing
Term
Hemoglobin A1C
Definition
measures glycosated hemoglobin
Term
POL
Definition
Physician's Office Laboratory
Term
Physician office laboratoty have no regulation

F/T
Definition
false. by CLIA's 88 and CMS, just to name two
Term
waived tests are performed only by those individuals specifically trained in lab science

f/t
Definition
false. only by individuals with no special training in lab science
Term
a panic value required immediate intervention by a health care provider

f/t
Definition
t
Term
a buffy coat is found at the bottom of the microhematocrit tube following centrifugation

f/t
Definition
false. found in the middle of the microhematocrit tube following centrifigation
Term
hemtocrit values are always expressed in percentages

f/t
Definition
t
Term
WBC differential is a microscopic count of 100 cells, counting the white blood cells according to their cell type

f/t
Definition
t
Term
the sed rate will be increased in sickle cell anemia

f/t
Definition
false. is decreased in sickle cell anemia due to abnormal shape RBC that prevents rouleaux formation
Term
the normal rate of fall for RBC when performing the sed rate is 1 mm every 5 minutes

f/t
Definition
t
Term
if a patient vomits during a glucose test (GTT) themost important thing to be done is to continue testing

f/t
Definition
false. the test must be discontinued at once and reported to health care provider
Term
the glycohemoglobin test is a useful tool for the health care provider to determine the degree of compliance and blood glucose control in diabetic patients

f/t
Definition
t
Term
an angioplasty is a procedure to repair arteries that have significant atherosclerosis

f/t
Definition
t
Term
infectious mononucleosis is sometimes referred to as the "hugging? disease.

f/t
Definition
false. "kissing disease" or "mono"
Term
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is produced by the embryo

f/t
Definition
false. is produced by the placenta
Term
PKU infant screening is required in all 50 US states, as well as Canada

f/t
Definition
t
Term
the physical testing of urine includes assessment of the color, clarity, odor, and specific gravity

f/t
Definition
T
Term
the majority of urine specimens wil have a pH of 7.0-9.0
f/t
Definition
false. 5.0-6.5
Term
a small amount of urobilinogen in the urine is poor prognosis for a patient

f/t
Definition
urobilinogen is normally found in urine in small amounts as a result of bacterial action in the intestinal tract
Term
when bacteria are present in sufficient numbers in the urine, nitrate be reduced to nitrite by the bacterial metabolism

f/t
Definition
t
Term
leukocyte esterate will be positive in pyuria

f/t
Definition
t
Term
glucose is normally found in urine specimens

f/t
Definition
f. is normally reabsorbed by the renal tubules and not excreted in the urine
Term
the specific gravity of most urine specimens falls in the range of 1.010-1.025.

f/t
Definition
t
Term
special collection procedures must be used when collecting urine drug screening specimens

f/t
Definition
t
Term
if the fecal occult blood id positive, the specimen on the slide will have green color

f/t
Definition
f. the spcimen on the slide will have a blue color
Term
the lower respiratory tract is considered sterile

f/t
Definition
t
Term
sputum specimens may be screened for cancer using the same staining technique as routine gynecologic screening

f/t
Definition
t
Term
which hormone is secreted by the placenta during pregnacy?

cholesterol
human chorionic gonadotropin
thyroid stimulating hormone
glucose
Definition
human chorionic gonadotropin
Term
the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) causes which illness?

influenza
diabetes
atherosclerosis
infectious mononucleosis
Definition
infectious mononucleosis
Term
which of the following cells are responsible for transporting oxygen through the body

erythrocytes
thrombocytes
leukocytes
monocytes
Definition
erythrocytes
Term
the form required to be signed by the patient in substance abuse screening is the

lab requisition
chain of custody
lab report form
patient chart
Definition
chain of custody
Term
which of the following is not normally found in urine specimens?

specific gravity
urobilinogen
bilirubin
pH
Definition
bilirubin
Term
a patient's hemoglobin is 13.0 g/dL. Calculate the range of the hematocrit

a. 36-42%
b. 36-42 g/dL
c. 42-48%
d. 42-48 g/dL
Definition
36-42 %
Term
the function of which of the following cells is to protect the body against antigens?

erythrocytes
plateles
leukocytes
Hgb
Definition
leukocytes
Term
sputum specimens may screened for all of the following except

cancer
tb
infections
specific gravity
Definition
specific gravity
Term
the confirmatory test for urinary bilirubin is which of the following

ictotest
acetest
sulfosalicylic acid
none
Definition
ictotest
Term
name of reagent in fecal occult tests is which of the following

safranin
wright's reagent
guaiac
crystal violet
Definition
guaiac
Term
the waived status is granted according to ?
Definition
the difficulty in performing the diagnostic tests
Term
moderately complex lab tests must be performed under more stringent regulations and with a more expanded requirement of personnel. For instance, CLIA mandates that ?
Definition
there must be a personnel director such as the physician who oversees the non-waived lab; a testing personnel who are responsible for processing the specimens, monitoring the testing process for reliability, and reporting the results; a technical consultant who oversees all of the testing performed in the facility; and a clinical consultant with a minimum of a doctoral degree.
Term
high complex lab tests go beyond the requirements because ?
Definition
the person must have very specific and specialized training to perform those tests.
Term
QA includes proper: ?
Definition
Pt. ID
Pt. preparation and specimen collection
Specimen processing and transportation
Instrumental and technical performance
Safety
In-service training and education of all health care personnel
Term
All state and federal health and safety regulations and laws apply to the POLO according to the three lab categories

f/t
Definition
t
Term
in polycythemia, what is the most common patient complaint
Definition
weakness and fatigue
Term
normal platelets count for males and females
Definition
150,000 to 400,000
Term
normal WBC count for males and females
Definition
3,500 per mm to 11,000 per mm
Term
morphology
Definition
abnormal shape and size of RBC
Term
the most two methods used for performing a ESR
Definition
Westergren and Wintrobe
Term
normal aver. range for fasting glucose
Definition
70/126 mg/dL
Term
glycosylation
Definition
process that is formed when sugar and hgb bond together
Term
angioplasty
Definition
allows surgeon to remove plaque in the artery or arteries
Term
Allergic test: skin patch test
Definition
an allergen-soaked pad is placed on the surface of skin for 24 to 72 hours to observe for reaction
Term
Allergic test: intradermal injections
Definition
this test is more sensitive than skin prick test.

A small amount of the allergen is injected between the epidermis and dermis with an observation of the area for a reaction
Term
Allergic test: skin prick test
Definition
the allergen is applied directly to the patient's skin and scratched or pricked into the epidermis
Term
standard color description of urine are
Definition
yellow and straw; dark straw, light straw, light yellow, and dark yellow
Term
pyuria
Definition
when WBC are found in urine in increased numbers
Term
not normal present in urine is:

ketone
bilirubin
protein
urobilinogen
hematuria
nitrite in increased number
leukocyte esterase
glucose
Definition
nitrite
hematuria
protein
leukocyte esterase
glucose
bilirubin
ketone
Term
WBC normal values female
Definition
10-20/hpf
Term
WBC normal values male
Definition
0-10/hpf
Term
RBC normal values female
Definition
5-10/hpf
Term
RBC normal values male
Definition
0
Term
substance used to encourage bacterial growth; also known as media
Definition
agar
Term
bacterial staining characteristic that yields a bluish-purple color
Definition
gram positive
Term
the destruction of red blood cells present in culture media
Definition
hemolysis
Term
the first step in the process to isolate and identify bacterial infections
Definition
culture
Term
slow-growing bacteria commonly inoculated to an L-J slant
Definition
Tubesrculosis
Term
drainage from a wound or affected area
Definition
exudate
Term
bacterial staining characteristic that yields a pinkish-red color
Definition
gram negative
Term
the final step in the culture during various antibiotics are tested for bacterial inhibition
Definition
sensitivity
Term
what is the culturette?
Definition
it is sterile swab with a soft tip used to collect cultures fro various sources. The sterile swab is protected by a plastic sleeve and has an ampule that must be crushed to protect the integrity of the specimen after collection
Term
when obtaining a throat swab for Group A strep screening, what is the proper procedure for performing the swab?
Definition
do not allow the swab to touch the tongue, teeth, or gum; guide the swab to the peritonsillar crypt area to collect any exudate you observe
Term
list gram positive and gram negative organisms, differentiating between them and their characteristics when observed microscopically
Definition
staphylococcus--gram positive cocci in cluster

streptococcus--gram positive cocci in chains

neisseria--gram negative cocci in pairs

escherichia coli--gram negative bacili
Term
describe the difference between primary media and selective media. Give at least one example of each.
Definition
primary media allows all bacteria to grow--5% TSA (tryptic soy agar) or chocolate agar are two examples.

selective media inhibits the growth of some bacteria--examples of this type of media are EMB and MacConkey's
Term
name the three morphologic shapes and provide a description of each
Definition
coccus--berry shaped or round
bacillus--rod shaped
spirochete--spiral shaped
Term
the only way to test for Group A strep is a routine culture

f/t
Definition
f. there are several rapid tests available on the market that yield quick results.
Term
the four components of the Gram stain include the primary stain, mordant, decolorizer, and counterstain

f/t
Definition
t
Term
it makes a minimum of four days before a culture ans sensitivity report is completed

f/t
Definition
f.most culture and sensitivity results are available within 48 hours time frame
Term
the acid fast stain identifies Mycobacterium tuberculosis

f/t
Definition
t
Term
tuberculosis is cultivated through inoculation onto a Lowenstein-Jensen slant

f/t
Definition
t
Term
Gram's iodine is known as the mordant

f/t
Definition
t
Term
safranin is the primary stains of the Gram stain

f/t
Definition
f. is the counterstain step of the Gram stain
Term
water is used between each step of the Gram stain procedure

f/t
Definition
t
Term
staining of bacterial specimen slides should take place before the slides have been heat-fixed

f/t
Definition
f. Heat-fixed slides before the staining process to ensure the specimen does not wash off
Term
use of MIC testing helps to reduce health care costs

f/t
Definition
t
Term
a description of "gram positive cocci" in clusters describes which bacteria?
Definition
staphylococci
Term
which of the following is the primary stain in the Gram stain?

safranin
acetest
Gentian violet
iodine
Definition
Gentian violet
Term
which of the following is an example of a primary media?

5% sheep blood (TSA)
modified thayer martin
MacConkey
Eosin methylene blue (EMB)
Definition
5% sheep blood (TSA)
Term
which stain in used to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Definition
acid fast stain
Term
when an organism is described as gram negative, what color is the organism on the slide?
Definition
Pinkish-red
Term
the name of the device used to produce specimens for cultures is the:
Definition
culturette
Term
the mordant in the Gram stain is the
Definition
Gram's iodine
Term
Rapid strep screening kits check for the presence of which organism?
Definition
Group A strep
Term
what is the correct order of steps for performing a Gram stain?
Definition
apply gentian violet, Gram's iodine, decolizer, and safranin.
Term
Gram negative diplococci describes which organism?
Definition
Neisseria gonorrheae
Term
bad cholesterol
Definition
LDL
Term
good cholesterol
Definition
HDL
Term
Gout
Definition
uric acid
Term
BUN
Definition
Blood urea nitrogen
Term
Sodium
Definition
Na
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
Atherosclerosis
Term
Potassium
Definition
K
Term
CK
Definition
Elevated in myocardial infarction
Term
Triglycerides
Definition
Lipids
Term
INR
Definition
International ratio
Term
name of instrument used to process specimens to be forwarded to reference labs
Definition
centrifuge
Term
regarding the centrifuge, what special considerations need to be heeded when using this instrument
Definition
the centrifuge must be on a leveled surface, loaded, and balanced properly; otherwise, it may be dangerous
Term
identify the difference between serum and plasma
Definition
serum is the result of blood that is allowed to clot, while plasma is the result of centrifuged blood that has an anticoagulant present in the collection tube
Term
what is a panel or profile of tests?
Definition
a panel/profile is a compilatoin of tests, usually for screening an organ system, that reduces the overall cost to the patient and increases reimbursement for the practice
Term
BUN and creatinine are indicators of renal function

f/t
Definition
t
Term
Gouty arthritis is a result of too much calcium

f/t
Definition
f. too much acid in the bloodstream
Term
LDL cholesterol shoul be maintained at less than 100 mg/dL fasting

f/t
Definition
t
Term
hypokalemia and hyperkalemia mimic one another in their symptoms

f/t
Definition
t
Term
the reference range of prothrombin times for assessing therapeutic doses of warfarin anticoagulant therapy is the IRN
f/t
Definition
f. is the INR
Term
the normal range of serum sodium levels is
Definition
132-145 mEq/L
Term
which of the following is referred to as the "healthy" cholesterol component?

LDL
HDL
VLDL
Triglycerides
Definition
HDL
Term
normal value for BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
Definition
8-20 mg/dL
Term
which of the following, along with the BUN, helps to assess renal function?

cholesterol
triglycerides
sodium
creatinine
Definition
creatinine
Term
which of the following, when elevated, may result in gouty arthritis or hyperuricemia?

uric acid
potassium
sodium
creatinine kinase
Definition
uric acid
Term
total cholesterol normal range value
Definition
130-200 mg/dL fasting
Term
HDL cholesterol normal range
Definition
more than >45 mg/dL fasting
Term
normal range of triglycerides
Definition
40-150 mg/dL fasting
Term
normal range of creatinine
Definition
0.7-1.4 mg/dL
Term
normal range of uric acid
Definition
3.5-7.5 mg/dL
Term
normal range of potassium
Definition
3.5-5.2 mEq/L
Term
normal range of CK (creatine kinase)
Definition
10-200 IU/L
Term
Prothrombin time (PT)
Definition
normal 10-13 seconds International normalized ratio (INR): 1.0-1.4
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