Term
| Why QA and QC are of the utmost importance in any lab setting |
|
Definition
| QA ensures that instruments, reagants, and technician technique remain constant. With the implementation of a reliable QA program, patient results may be reported without compromise. Part of the QA includes daily QC monitoring with minimum performing two checks in the form of a low and high control. Any QC test results outside of the manufacturer's prescribed range must be investigated, and no patient results may be reported until the problem is solved. |
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Term
| Identify three categories of testing within the lab setting |
|
Definition
| waived, moderately complex, and highly complex. |
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|
Term
| identify the three elements of a complete urinalysis |
|
Definition
| physical, chemical, and microscopic |
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|
Term
| what two tests are commonly used in screening for anemia |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| identify the proper units of measurement for reporting hemoglobin and hematocrit results |
|
Definition
| Hgb is reported as g/dL and hematocrit is reported as a percent |
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|
Term
| what is the chief function of leukocytes |
|
Definition
| protection against antigens such as viruses and bacteria |
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|
Term
| what is the test used for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus |
|
Definition
| glucose tolerance test (GTT) |
|
|
Term
| name two diseases associated with hypercholesterolemia |
|
Definition
| arterosclerosis and atherosclerosis |
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|
Term
| name three tests that may be performed in the POL for immunology testing |
|
Definition
| monospot tests, urine pregnancy tests, allergy testing |
|
|
Term
| discuss the differences random, first morning, clean-catch midstream, and 24-hour urine specimens |
|
Definition
| a random specimen is collected at any time of the day without special preparation. the first morning specimen is collected when the patient first awakens in the morning and is the most concentrated, yielding the most accurate results. clean-catch midstream urine specimens require that the patient clean the external genitalia prior to collection of the specimen; additionally, the first portion of the vioded specimen is not collected, although the middle portion of the specimen is collected in a sterile container. A 24-hour urined specimen required the patient to begin timing from the first morning specimen on the onset of the 24 hours period, dicard that specimen, and collect all subsequent specimens within 24-hour time frame. |
|
|
Term
| identify types of pathogens that may be checked in fecal specimens |
|
Definition
| ova, parasites, bacteria, and viruses |
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Term
| which conditions might be diagnosed in a sputum specimen? |
|
Definition
| cancer, tuberculosis, bacterial infections, fungul infections, and viral infections |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| normal fecal occult blood |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 4.5 to 6.0 million/cubic mm |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal increase in all blood cells |
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Term
| test for non-specific tissue damage |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| concentration/ dilution of urine specimen |
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Term
|
Definition
| normal urine, slightly acidic |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| may indicate liver disease when detected |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| confirmative test for urinary protein |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| confirmative test for urinary ketones |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| confirmative test for urinary bilirubin |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| virus that causes infectious mononucleosis |
|
|
Term
| human chorionic gonadotropin |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| measures glycosated hemoglobin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Physician's Office Laboratory |
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|
Term
Physician office laboratoty have no regulation
F/T |
|
Definition
| false. by CLIA's 88 and CMS, just to name two |
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|
Term
waived tests are performed only by those individuals specifically trained in lab science
f/t |
|
Definition
| false. only by individuals with no special training in lab science |
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|
Term
a panic value required immediate intervention by a health care provider
f/t |
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Definition
|
|
Term
a buffy coat is found at the bottom of the microhematocrit tube following centrifugation
f/t |
|
Definition
| false. found in the middle of the microhematocrit tube following centrifigation |
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|
Term
hemtocrit values are always expressed in percentages
f/t |
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Definition
|
|
Term
WBC differential is a microscopic count of 100 cells, counting the white blood cells according to their cell type
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the sed rate will be increased in sickle cell anemia
f/t |
|
Definition
| false. is decreased in sickle cell anemia due to abnormal shape RBC that prevents rouleaux formation |
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|
Term
the normal rate of fall for RBC when performing the sed rate is 1 mm every 5 minutes
f/t |
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Definition
|
|
Term
if a patient vomits during a glucose test (GTT) themost important thing to be done is to continue testing
f/t |
|
Definition
| false. the test must be discontinued at once and reported to health care provider |
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|
Term
the glycohemoglobin test is a useful tool for the health care provider to determine the degree of compliance and blood glucose control in diabetic patients
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
an angioplasty is a procedure to repair arteries that have significant atherosclerosis
f/t |
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Definition
|
|
Term
infectious mononucleosis is sometimes referred to as the "hugging? disease.
f/t |
|
Definition
| false. "kissing disease" or "mono" |
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|
Term
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is produced by the embryo
f/t |
|
Definition
| false. is produced by the placenta |
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|
Term
PKU infant screening is required in all 50 US states, as well as Canada
f/t |
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Definition
|
|
Term
the physical testing of urine includes assessment of the color, clarity, odor, and specific gravity
f/t |
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Definition
|
|
Term
the majority of urine specimens wil have a pH of 7.0-9.0
f/t |
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Definition
|
|
Term
a small amount of urobilinogen in the urine is poor prognosis for a patient
f/t |
|
Definition
| urobilinogen is normally found in urine in small amounts as a result of bacterial action in the intestinal tract |
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|
Term
when bacteria are present in sufficient numbers in the urine, nitrate be reduced to nitrite by the bacterial metabolism
f/t |
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Definition
|
|
Term
leukocyte esterate will be positive in pyuria
f/t |
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Definition
|
|
Term
glucose is normally found in urine specimens
f/t |
|
Definition
| f. is normally reabsorbed by the renal tubules and not excreted in the urine |
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|
Term
the specific gravity of most urine specimens falls in the range of 1.010-1.025.
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
special collection procedures must be used when collecting urine drug screening specimens
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
if the fecal occult blood id positive, the specimen on the slide will have green color
f/t |
|
Definition
| f. the spcimen on the slide will have a blue color |
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|
Term
the lower respiratory tract is considered sterile
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sputum specimens may be screened for cancer using the same staining technique as routine gynecologic screening
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which hormone is secreted by the placenta during pregnacy?
cholesterol
human chorionic gonadotropin
thyroid stimulating hormone
glucose |
|
Definition
| human chorionic gonadotropin |
|
|
Term
the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) causes which illness?
influenza
diabetes
atherosclerosis
infectious mononucleosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following cells are responsible for transporting oxygen through the body
erythrocytes
thrombocytes
leukocytes
monocytes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
the form required to be signed by the patient in substance abuse screening is the
lab requisition
chain of custody
lab report form
patient chart |
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Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following is not normally found in urine specimens?
specific gravity
urobilinogen
bilirubin
pH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a patient's hemoglobin is 13.0 g/dL. Calculate the range of the hematocrit
a. 36-42%
b. 36-42 g/dL
c. 42-48%
d. 42-48 g/dL |
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Definition
|
|
Term
the function of which of the following cells is to protect the body against antigens?
erythrocytes
plateles
leukocytes
Hgb |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
sputum specimens may screened for all of the following except
cancer
tb
infections
specific gravity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the confirmatory test for urinary bilirubin is which of the following
ictotest
acetest
sulfosalicylic acid
none |
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Definition
|
|
Term
name of reagent in fecal occult tests is which of the following
safranin
wright's reagent
guaiac
crystal violet |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the waived status is granted according to ? |
|
Definition
| the difficulty in performing the diagnostic tests |
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|
Term
| moderately complex lab tests must be performed under more stringent regulations and with a more expanded requirement of personnel. For instance, CLIA mandates that ? |
|
Definition
| there must be a personnel director such as the physician who oversees the non-waived lab; a testing personnel who are responsible for processing the specimens, monitoring the testing process for reliability, and reporting the results; a technical consultant who oversees all of the testing performed in the facility; and a clinical consultant with a minimum of a doctoral degree. |
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|
Term
| high complex lab tests go beyond the requirements because ? |
|
Definition
| the person must have very specific and specialized training to perform those tests. |
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Term
|
Definition
Pt. ID
Pt. preparation and specimen collection
Specimen processing and transportation
Instrumental and technical performance
Safety
In-service training and education of all health care personnel |
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|
Term
All state and federal health and safety regulations and laws apply to the POLO according to the three lab categories
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in polycythemia, what is the most common patient complaint |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| normal platelets count for males and females |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| normal WBC count for males and females |
|
Definition
| 3,500 per mm to 11,000 per mm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal shape and size of RBC |
|
|
Term
| the most two methods used for performing a ESR |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| normal aver. range for fasting glucose |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process that is formed when sugar and hgb bond together |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| allows surgeon to remove plaque in the artery or arteries |
|
|
Term
| Allergic test: skin patch test |
|
Definition
| an allergen-soaked pad is placed on the surface of skin for 24 to 72 hours to observe for reaction |
|
|
Term
| Allergic test: intradermal injections |
|
Definition
this test is more sensitive than skin prick test.
A small amount of the allergen is injected between the epidermis and dermis with an observation of the area for a reaction |
|
|
Term
| Allergic test: skin prick test |
|
Definition
| the allergen is applied directly to the patient's skin and scratched or pricked into the epidermis |
|
|
Term
| standard color description of urine are |
|
Definition
| yellow and straw; dark straw, light straw, light yellow, and dark yellow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when WBC are found in urine in increased numbers |
|
|
Term
not normal present in urine is:
ketone
bilirubin
protein
urobilinogen
hematuria
nitrite in increased number
leukocyte esterase
glucose |
|
Definition
nitrite
hematuria
protein
leukocyte esterase
glucose
bilirubin
ketone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| substance used to encourage bacterial growth; also known as media |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacterial staining characteristic that yields a bluish-purple color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the destruction of red blood cells present in culture media |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first step in the process to isolate and identify bacterial infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| slow-growing bacteria commonly inoculated to an L-J slant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drainage from a wound or affected area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacterial staining characteristic that yields a pinkish-red color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the final step in the culture during various antibiotics are tested for bacterial inhibition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is sterile swab with a soft tip used to collect cultures fro various sources. The sterile swab is protected by a plastic sleeve and has an ampule that must be crushed to protect the integrity of the specimen after collection |
|
|
Term
| when obtaining a throat swab for Group A strep screening, what is the proper procedure for performing the swab? |
|
Definition
| do not allow the swab to touch the tongue, teeth, or gum; guide the swab to the peritonsillar crypt area to collect any exudate you observe |
|
|
Term
| list gram positive and gram negative organisms, differentiating between them and their characteristics when observed microscopically |
|
Definition
staphylococcus--gram positive cocci in cluster
streptococcus--gram positive cocci in chains
neisseria--gram negative cocci in pairs
escherichia coli--gram negative bacili |
|
|
Term
| describe the difference between primary media and selective media. Give at least one example of each. |
|
Definition
primary media allows all bacteria to grow--5% TSA (tryptic soy agar) or chocolate agar are two examples.
selective media inhibits the growth of some bacteria--examples of this type of media are EMB and MacConkey's |
|
|
Term
| name the three morphologic shapes and provide a description of each |
|
Definition
coccus--berry shaped or round
bacillus--rod shaped
spirochete--spiral shaped |
|
|
Term
the only way to test for Group A strep is a routine culture
f/t |
|
Definition
| f. there are several rapid tests available on the market that yield quick results. |
|
|
Term
the four components of the Gram stain include the primary stain, mordant, decolorizer, and counterstain
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
it makes a minimum of four days before a culture ans sensitivity report is completed
f/t |
|
Definition
| f.most culture and sensitivity results are available within 48 hours time frame |
|
|
Term
the acid fast stain identifies Mycobacterium tuberculosis
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
tuberculosis is cultivated through inoculation onto a Lowenstein-Jensen slant
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gram's iodine is known as the mordant
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
safranin is the primary stains of the Gram stain
f/t |
|
Definition
| f. is the counterstain step of the Gram stain |
|
|
Term
water is used between each step of the Gram stain procedure
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
staining of bacterial specimen slides should take place before the slides have been heat-fixed
f/t |
|
Definition
| f. Heat-fixed slides before the staining process to ensure the specimen does not wash off |
|
|
Term
use of MIC testing helps to reduce health care costs
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a description of "gram positive cocci" in clusters describes which bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following is the primary stain in the Gram stain?
safranin
acetest
Gentian violet
iodine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following is an example of a primary media?
5% sheep blood (TSA)
modified thayer martin
MacConkey
Eosin methylene blue (EMB) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which stain in used to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when an organism is described as gram negative, what color is the organism on the slide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the name of the device used to produce specimens for cultures is the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mordant in the Gram stain is the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rapid strep screening kits check for the presence of which organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the correct order of steps for performing a Gram stain? |
|
Definition
| apply gentian violet, Gram's iodine, decolizer, and safranin. |
|
|
Term
| Gram negative diplococci describes which organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elevated in myocardial infarction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name of instrument used to process specimens to be forwarded to reference labs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| regarding the centrifuge, what special considerations need to be heeded when using this instrument |
|
Definition
| the centrifuge must be on a leveled surface, loaded, and balanced properly; otherwise, it may be dangerous |
|
|
Term
| identify the difference between serum and plasma |
|
Definition
| serum is the result of blood that is allowed to clot, while plasma is the result of centrifuged blood that has an anticoagulant present in the collection tube |
|
|
Term
| what is a panel or profile of tests? |
|
Definition
| a panel/profile is a compilatoin of tests, usually for screening an organ system, that reduces the overall cost to the patient and increases reimbursement for the practice |
|
|
Term
BUN and creatinine are indicators of renal function
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gouty arthritis is a result of too much calcium
f/t |
|
Definition
| f. too much acid in the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
LDL cholesterol shoul be maintained at less than 100 mg/dL fasting
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
hypokalemia and hyperkalemia mimic one another in their symptoms
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the reference range of prothrombin times for assessing therapeutic doses of warfarin anticoagulant therapy is the IRN
f/t |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the normal range of serum sodium levels is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following is referred to as the "healthy" cholesterol component?
LDL
HDL
VLDL
Triglycerides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal value for BUN (blood urea nitrogen) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following, along with the BUN, helps to assess renal function?
cholesterol
triglycerides
sodium
creatinine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
which of the following, when elevated, may result in gouty arthritis or hyperuricemia?
uric acid
potassium
sodium
creatinine kinase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| total cholesterol normal range value |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HDL cholesterol normal range |
|
Definition
| more than >45 mg/dL fasting |
|
|
Term
| normal range of triglycerides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal range of creatinine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal range of uric acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal range of potassium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal range of CK (creatine kinase) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal 10-13 seconds International normalized ratio (INR): 1.0-1.4 |
|
|
