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| A clause in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution that protects people from state actions that would deprive them of basic rights. |
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| When two ideas are incorporated, they become one concept. |
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| An out-of-court statement offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. |
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| Probable cause exists when an officer has a reasonable basis for the belief that a person should be searched or arrested. |
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| A written order of a court allowing law enforcement officers to search a certain place, or search or arrest a certain person. |
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| A serious crime includes murder, robbery, burglary, and arson; a crime designated as a felony is punishable by death or imprisonment for more than one year. |
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| An emergency that requires immediate action; such situations do not allow time for law enforcement officers to obtain a serach or arrest warrant. |
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| In some instances, law enforcement officers may follow a suspect into an otherwise protected area, such as a residence; when officers are in hot pursuit, they may make warrantless arrests and searches. |
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| Items are said to be in plain view if an officer has the legal right to be in sight of the evidence; such items are subject to warrantless seizure. |
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| A rule that excludes evidence acquired in violaion of constitutional protections. |
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| The physical seizure of a person by the government. |
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| The process used by law enforcement officers to elicit information from a criminal suspect. |
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| A voluntary statement made by a person charged with a crime, acknowledging that he or she is guilty of the charge. |
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| The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution prohibits the government from making a person become a witness against himself or herself. |
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| A hearing where the criminal defendant comes before the court to enter a plea; it is a hearing in open court where the information and/or indictment are read and the defendant is asked to plead. |
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| The criminal defendant's response to the charge against him or her. |
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| The process of asking questions and locating evidence. |
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| The process after arrest when the police have entered formal charges against a defendant. |
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| An amount of money set by the court, payment of which is a condition of pretrial release from police custody. |
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| A non-oral statement of facts that is confirmed by affirmation or oath of the person making the statement. |
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| A judicial officer; federal magistrates are appointed by judges of federal district courts; magistrates have some of the powers of a judge. |
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| The first court appearance of a criminal defendant after the arrest. |
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| A defendan's second appearance before the court; the purpose is to establish that probable cause exists. |
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| A jury that is called upon to receive and review accusations and complaints in criminal matters; this jury will hear evidence and issue indictments. |
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| An accusation made by a prosecutor against a criminal defendant that does not involve a grand jury. |
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| A written accusation given by a grand jury to the court in which it is impaneled; a criminal charge against a defendant that must be proved at trial. |
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| A criminal plea that means "I will not contest it." This plea means that the defendant does not deny or admit the charge. |
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| A device used to provide a defendant with a statement of the facts enumerating the specific acts charges. |
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