Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Thepreserved remains of an ancient organism |
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Term
| What is natural variation? |
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Definition
| differences among individuals within a species |
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Term
| What is the "struggle for existence"? |
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Definition
| competition for food, space, and other resources among members of a species |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a specific environment |
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Term
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Definition
| an inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival |
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Term
| What is natural selection? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| theory that says all species are derived from common ancestors |
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Term
| What are homologous structures? |
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Definition
| structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues, but have different mature forms |
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Term
| what is a vestegial organ? |
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Definition
| an organ with little or no function |
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Term
| what is descent with modification? |
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Definition
| a theory that says species have descended through time from a common ancestor (with changes) |
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Term
| What's artificial selection? |
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Definition
| a technique humans use to produce a wide variety of organisms by breeding traits they find useful |
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Term
| what is the evolutionary theory? |
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Definition
| Darwin's hypothesis oabout how life changes over time |
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Term
| what did Hutton and Lyell do? |
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Definition
| study geological changes that shaped the earth, recognize that earth is many millions of years old, recognized that processes that shaped the earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the present |
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Term
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Definition
| state that inheritance of acquired traits caused change in a species over time propose that acquired traits could be passed on to an organism's offspring, and propose that by selective use/disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits in their lifetimes |
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Term
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Definition
| recognize that food and living space were two limiting factors for human population growth, figured out that human population will eventually reach carrying capacity |
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Term
| what was Darwin's greatest contribution? |
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Definition
| his hypothesis on how evolution occurs |
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Term
| what does Darwin's theory of evolution state? |
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Definition
there is variation in nature
there is a struggle for existence
species change over time |
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Term
| what are the three fields that collaborate today to explain evolution? |
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Definition
| genetics, molecular biology, the evolutionary theory |
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Term
| a collection of individuals of the same species in a given area is a |
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Definition
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Term
| the combined information of all members of a particular population is a |
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Definition
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Term
| what is relative frequency? |
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Definition
| the number of times that an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur |
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Term
| sources of genetic variation include |
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Definition
| mutations and genetic shuffling |
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Term
| what is a mutation? why do they occur? |
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Definition
any change in a sequence of DNA
occur because of mistakes in the replication of DNA/because of radiation or chemicals in environment |
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Term
| what are the three ways that natural selection can affect the distributions of phenotypes? |
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Definition
directional selection
stabilizing selection
disruptive selection |
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Term
| what is directional selection? what is an example of this? |
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Definition
individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in middle/at other end
example: size of beaks in Galapagos finches |
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Term
| what is stabilizing selection? what is an example? |
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Definition
individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end
example: average weight of human babies |
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Term
| what is disruptive selection? |
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Definition
| individuals at upper/lower ends of curve have higher fitness than those near middle |
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Term
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Definition
| a random change in allele frequencies in small populations |
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Term
| what is genetic equilibrium? what conditions does it require? |
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Definition
the situation in which allele frequencies remain constant
requires:
random mating
population must e very large
no movement into/out of population
no mutations
no natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of new species |
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Term
| what does it mean for two species to be reproductively isolated from each other? |
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Definition
| they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
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Term
| what must happen in order for new species to evolve? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are three ways in which reproductive isolation occurs? |
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Definition
behavioral isolation (when two populations are capable of interbreeding but have behavioral differences)
geographic isolation (when populations are separated by geographic barriers
temporal isolation (different flowers in same forest that cannot pollinate each other - two or more species reproduce at different times) |
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Term
| can the basic mechanisms of evolutionary change be observed in nature? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the Hardy-Weinberg principle? |
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Definition
| a principle that states that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change |
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