• Developing nations often are weakest in enforcing such legal protections, they normally hae the most active counterfieting markets 
• Typically sodl to consumers on what is called the black market 
• Can damage buyer's image of a brad when the counterfeits are of inferior quality 

• China 
• India 
• Russia 
• Thailand
• Turkey 

• Watches
• Perfumes
• Clothing 
• Movies
• Music 

• A promotional strategy designed to created buyer demand that will encourage distribution channel members to stock a company's product 
• Buyer demand is denerated in order to "pull" products through distribution channels to end users

• Is a promotional strategy designed to pressure distribution channel members to carry a product and promote it to final users
• sold through department and grocery stores often a push strategy 
• Use for office products, including computers and office furniture 

Can be difficult when distribution channel members wield a greater deal of power relative to that of producers

Ineffective are lengthy 

to be appropirate for inexpensive consuemrm goods characterized by buyers who are not brand loyalty 

Suited to industrial product because potentional buyer usually need to be informed about a product's special features and benefits

(translated into image, words and symbols)s into a promotional messages that the company is trying to get across. 

translated into

images

words

symbols

How to get goods into a country 

How to distribute goods within a country 

Exclusive Channels

Intensive channels

• is one in which a munfacture grants the right to sell it product to only one or a limited number of reseller 
• gives producers a great deal of control over the sale of their product by wholesaler and retailers 

• When a producer wants its product to be made avaiable through as many distribution outlets as possible 
• One in which a producers grants the right to sell its product to many resellers
• Locations convenience because of the large number of outlets through which a product is sold 
• Grocery stores and department stores

• In  which one selling price is established for all internatinoal markets
• Is very difficult to achieve 

• Production cost differ from one nation to another 
• A company that produces in just one location ( to maintain an equivalent cost of production for every product) cannot guarantee that selling price will be the same in every target market 
• The purchasing pwoer of local buyers must be taken into account 
• Fluctuating currency values also must be taken into account 

• in which pricing in which a product has a different selling price in export markets than it has in the home market 
• To apply dual pricing successfully in internatinal marketing a company must be able to keep its domestic buyers and international buyers separate

buying products where they are sold at lower prices and reselling where they command higher price 

If company cannot keep its buyer separate when using dural pricing, buyer could potentially udermine the policy through 

• Occurs when the price of a goods is lower in export markets than it is in the domestic market 
• Although charges of dumping normally result from deliberate efforts toundercut the prices of competitors in the domestic market changes in exchange rates can cause unintentional dumping 
• When a country's government charges another nation's producers of dumping a good on its market, antidumping tariffs are typically imposed