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CHAPTER 14 -INTRO. to MICRObio
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Biology
Undergraduate 2
06/22/2008

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Term
Pathology
Definition
The study of disease
Term

Etiology

Definition
The study of the cause of a disease
Term
Pathogenesis
Definition
The development of disease
Term
Colonization of the body by pathogens
Definition
Infection
Term
An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning properly
Definition
disease
Term
Transient Microbiota
Definition
May be present on the host for days, weeks, or months
Term
Normal Microbiota
Definition
Bacteria permanently colonizing on the host
Term

Symbiosis

Definition

The relationship between normal microbiota and the host

Term

What is commensalism?

Definition

When one organism is benefited and the other is unaffected

Term
What is mutualism?
Definition
When both organisms benefit
Term

What is parasitism?

Definition
When one organism is benefited at the expense of the other
Term
What is an example of mutualism?
Definition
Lichen
Term

TRUE OR FALSE?

Some normal microbiota are opportunistic pathogens

Definition
TRUE
Term

Name some locations of normal microbiota on and in the human body

Definition

eyes

Mouth

Nose + Throat

Skin

Large Intestine

Urinary + Repro system

Term
Microbial antagonism
Definition
A competition between microbes. It makes it harder for an invading pathogen to take over because there are other microbes already living on the host.
Term
How does normal microbiota protect the host?
Definition

1) Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy

2) Producing acids

3) Producing bacteriocins

 

Term
What are probiotics?
Definition

They are live microbes applied to or ingested into the body intended to exert a beneficial effect.

Term

What is Koch's postulate?

Definition
It was used to prove the cause of an infectious disease
Term
A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of  disease
Definition
Symptom
Term
A change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease
Definition
Sign
Term
A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
Definition

syndrome

Term
A disease that can be spread from one host to another
Definition
Communicable disease
Term
A disease that is EASILY spread from one host to another
Definition
Contagious disease
Term
A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another
Definition
Noncommunicable disease
Term
Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time
Definition
Incidence
Term
Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time
Definition
Prevalence
Term
Disease that occurs occasionally in a population
Definition
Sporadic disease
Term
Disease constantly present in a population
Definition
endemic disease
Term
Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
Definition
Epidemic Disease
Term
Worldwide Epidemic
Definition
Pandemic Disease
Term
immunity in most of a population
Definition
Herd immunity which means if everyone is immune in a population but a few ..the few who are not immune are protected by those who are immune because they can't get sick.
Term

Acute disease

Definition
Symptoms develop rapidly
Term
Chronic Disease
Definition
Disease develops slowly
Term

Subacute disease

Definition
symptoms between acute and chronic
Term
Latent disease
Definition
Disease with a period of no symptoms when the patient is inactive
Term

What is a local infection?

Definition
Pathogens are limited to a small area of the body such as a ring worm.
Term
What is a systemic infection?
Definition

An infection throughout the body

Term
What is a focal infection?
Definition
Systemic infection that began as a local infection
Term

Bacteremia

Definition
Bacteria in the blood
Term
Septicemia
Definition

Growth of bacteria in blood

Term
Toxemia
Definition
Toxins in the blood
Term
Viremia
Definition
Viruses in the blood
Term
What is a primary infection?
Definition
An acute infection that causes the INITIAL illness
Term
What is a secondary infection?
Definition
An opportunistic infection after a primary infection
Term
What is a subclinical disease?
Definition

No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

Term
What are some predisposing factors that make the body more susceptible to diseas?
Definition

Short urethra in females

inherited traits. Ex. Sickle Cell anemia

Climate and weather

Fatigue

Age

Lifestyle

Chemotherapy

Term
what are the stages of disease?
Definition

Incubation period

Prodromal period

Illness period

Decline period

convalescence period (healing)

Term

What are 3 reservoirs of infection?

Definition

1) Human. Ex. Aids

2) Animal. Ex. Rabies

3) Nonliving Ex. tetanus

Term
Type of transmission of disease that requires close association between infected and susceptible host
Definition
Direct
Term
Type of transmission of disease that spread by means of fomites (inanimate objects that carry disease)
Definition
Indirect
Term
Type of transmission of disease that transmit via airborne droplets such as sneezing
Definition
Droplets
Term
Transmission by an inanimate reservoir
Definition
Vehicle
Term

Transmission of disease through arthropods, especially fleas, ticks, and mosquitos

Definition
Vectors
Term

Type of transmission of disease where an arthropod carries pathogen on feet

Definition
Mechanical
Term
Type of transmission of disease where a pathogen reproduces in a vector
Definition
Biological
Term
What are nosocomial infections?
Definition
They are acquired as a result of hospital stay
Term
What percentage of patients in the hospital get a nosocomial infection?
Definition
5 - 15 % acquire nosocomial infection
Term
What is the largest number of nosocomial infections in the hospital?
Definition
Urinary tract infections because of catheters being put on incorrectly
Term
What is the 2nd largest nosocomial infection in the hospital?
Definition
Surgical wounds
Term
What type of nosocomial infection has a high resistence to antibiotics?
Definition
gram positive cocci
Term
What are contributing factors to why there are new emerginc infectious disease?
Definition

1) genetic recombination

2) evolution of new strains

3) inappropriate use of antibiotics & pesticides

4) Changes in weather patterns

5) Modern Transportation

6) Ecological diseaser

7) Animal controal measures

8) Public health failure

Term
What is epidemiology?
Definition
The study of where and when diseases occur?
Term
Who mapped the occurance of cholera in London in 1848?
Definition
John Snow
Term
Who showed that hand washing decreased the incidenced of puerperal fever?
Definition
Ignaz Semmelwize
Term
Who showed that improved sanitation decreased the incidence of epidemic typhus
Definition
Florence Nightingale
Term
Incidence of a specific notifiable disease
Definition
Morbidity
Term
Deaths from notifiable disease
Definition
Mortality
Term

Number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period

Definition
Morbidity rate
Term

Number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

Definition
Mortality Rate
Term
What is the centers for diesease control and prevention (CDC)?
Definition

They collect and analyze epidemiological information in the United States

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