Term
| The ______________ is the series of stages that occur within the cell over time. It consists of the _______________ and ___________________. |
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Definition
| Cell cycle, M phase, interphase |
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Term
| The M phase includes the process of _______ and ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitosis lasts about _________ in mammals. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ constitutes the ___________ of the cell cycle and lasts longer than the M phase- it may extend for months. |
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Definition
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Term
| Interphase includes _______, ________, and ________ periods. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ takes place between the end of ________ and beginning of replication. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA __________ occurs during the _________________. DNA ______________ does not occur throughout ____________ but rather at a distinct time. |
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Definition
| Replication, S phase, replication, interphase |
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Term
| Histone production also occurs during _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ occurs between the end of S and beginning of ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ refers to cells that have arrested cell _________, usually before S phase. |
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Definition
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Term
| The key regulated cell cycle events are initiation of ________________ and ________________, |
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Definition
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Term
| ______________ are required to ensure that the cell only proceeds through division when it is ready. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensors detect _________, _________________________, or cellular _______________. |
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Definition
| DNA damage, chromosomal abnormalities, abnormalities |
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Term
| __________________ that signal the information. |
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Definition
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Term
| Effectors that _________ cell cycle machinery. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______________ is a process of nuclear division in which two ___________ with identical ________ content are produced. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitosis is usually accompanied by ____________, (cell _____________) |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitosis occurs in _________ or _______ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The 4 main phases of mitosis are: _________, ___________, ______________ and _________________. Many sub-phases are also named, notably ________________. |
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Definition
| Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, prometaphase. |
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Term
| In ____________, duplicated chromosomes are prepared for _____________ and the mitotic machinery are assembled. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cytoskeleton is ______________, nuclear envelope _______________, and ER and Golgi ____________. |
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Definition
| Disassembled, degraded, fragmented |
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Term
Formation of the ______________ chromosome:
A. _________________________ occurs in early prophase. |
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Definition
| Mitotic, chromosome condensation |
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Term
Compact _____________ appear as ______-like structures:
A. Each mitotic chromosome consists of two ________ (which arose during _____________)
B. Chromosome ___________ requires topoisomerase II, in order to put the DNA into a _____________________ state.
C. Prior to replication, the DNA of each chromosome is associated with _____________ which forms a ________ to encircle the two sister _______ molcules. |
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Definition
Chromosomes, rod
chromatids, replication
compaction, positively supercoiled
cohein, ring, DNA |
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Term
| _____________ are on the outer surface of centromeres. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ are the sites where chromosomes attach to the ________________ of the mitotic spindle (__________ end toward kinetochore) |
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Definition
| Kinetochores, microtubules, plus |
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Term
| The ___________ (microtubule-organizating structure) is necessary for ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________________ is made of mitosis. |
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Definition
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Term
The ________________, in which centrioles are duplicated, progresses along with the cell cycle.
A. Centrosomes are __________ in S phase by initiation of new, short ____________, followed by maturation and separation.
B. Each ________ cell inherits ___________ centrosome. |
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Definition
Centrosome cycle.
Duplicated, pericentrioles
Daughter, single |
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Term
| In the mitotic spindles on ______________ cells, microtubules are arranged in an ____________ around each ____________. |
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Definition
| Animals, aster, centrosome |
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Term
| During ___________, the definitive mitotic spindle is formed and _____________ are moved by microtubules to the center of the cell (along _____________). A single _________ is attached to microtubules from both spindle poles. |
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Definition
| Prometaphase, chromosomes, equator, kinetochore |
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Term
| In ___________, chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator on the _______________________ and a variety of _________________ form. |
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Definition
| Metaphase, metaphase plate, microtubules |
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Term
_________________ in a mitotic spindle are ________________ with 3 main types:
1. _________________________, radiate from the centrosome to the region outside the body of the ____________ and position the ________ ____________.
2. ___________________ connect dirrectly from the centrosome to the _________ at the centromere and will move _______________ to the ________________.
3. ___________________ extend past the _____________ and interact with the __________ microtubules from the other centrosome, and help maintain the _____________ of the spindle. |
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Definition
Microtubules, highly organized
1. Astral microtubules, spindle, spindle apparatus
2. Chromosomal/kinetochore microtubules, kinetochores, chromosomes, pole
3. Polar microtubules, chromosomes, polar microtubules, integrity |
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Term
| ______________ begins when sister ___________ split and move apart. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _______________________ is activated at the metaphase/anaphase transition, and initiates a sequence of events that cleaves a cohesion subunit, allowing _____________ to seperate. |
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Definition
| Anaphase promoting complex, chromatids |
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Term
| Movements of ________________ toward the poles occurs during ______________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________________ is the distinct but simultaneous movement of the two spindle poles in __________ directions, accompanied by ______________ of the polar microtubules. |
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Definition
| Anaphase B, opposite, elongation |
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Term
During ________________, the daughter cells return to interphase.
A. _____________ of the two nuclei are reassembled.
B. _______________ becomes dispersed.
C. ________ and ___________ form.
D. The _______________ is partitioned into two cells. |
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Definition
Telophase
Nuclear envelope
Chromosomes
Golgi, ER
Cytoplasm |
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Term
| During ___________, chromosome number is ___________ and ___________ cells are formed. It consists of ______ divisions. |
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Definition
| Meiosis, halved, haploid, two |
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Term
| In the first division of meiosis, _______________ chromosomes pair and ___________, ensuring that daughter cells receive a full ____________ set of chromosomes. |
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Definition
| Homologous, segregate, haploid |
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Term
| In the second division of meiosis, the two ________ are separated usually essentially the same _________ as ____________. |
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Definition
| Chromatids, mechanisms, mitosis |
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Term
| DNA is replicated _________ to meiosis. |
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Definition
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Term
_____________ consists of at least five stages:
1. _______
2.
3.
4.
5. |
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Definition
Prophase I
1. Leptotene
2. Zygotene
3. Pachytene
4. Diplotene
5. Diakineis |
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Term
| In _______________, chromosomal ___________ starts. -----Prophase I |
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Definition
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Term
| During _________, homologous chromosomes are ___________ enough to be visible pairs. This process is called _________ and it is when homologues start to associate via the _____________________. |
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Definition
| Zygotene, condensed, synapsis, synaptonemal complex |
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Term
| The synaptonemal complex allows interacting ________ to initiate _______________. |
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Definition
| Chromatids, crossing over |
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Term
| Synapsed chromosomes form a __________ or ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ is characterized by a very close _________ of homologous chromosomes in a full formed _________________. Crossing over (_____________) takes plce in the SC at this time. |
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Definition
| Pachytene, association, synaptonemal complex, recombination |
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Term
| During ________ the SC disassociated, leaving behind ___________, visible points of attachment between homologous chromosomes where they ____________. |
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Definition
| Diplotene, chiasmata, recombined |
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Term
| The final stage of prophase I is ____________, where chromosomes are prepared for attachment to the ______________________. |
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Definition
| Diakinesis, spindle fibers |
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Term
| During ____________, the two homologous chromosomes are aligned at the ________________. Homologous chromosomes are held by one of several ____________. Absence of a chiasma can lead to _____________ segregation of chromosomes. |
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Definition
| Metaphase I, Metaphase plate, chiasmata, abnormal |
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Term
| During _______________, homologous chromosomes ___________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| During _________________, there are less dramatic phases in this phase than in mitosis because the ____________ do not completely ______________. The nuclear envelope _______________ reform during this stage. |
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Definition
| Telophase I, chromosomes, extend, may or may not |
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