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Chapter 14
Dr Radhika Reddy
117
Biology
Undergraduate 2
10/28/2013

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Term
Define genetics.
Definition
the branch of biology that focuses on the inheritance of traits.
Term
The chromosome theory of inheritance proposes?
Definition
that meiosis causes the patterns of inhearitance that mendel observed.
Term
Mendel was interested in?
Definition
heredity
Term
What is heredity?
Definition
Is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring
Term
What is a trait?
Definition
Is any characteristic of an individual
Term
What were mendels two hypothesis?
Definition
blending inheritance
inheritance of acquire characteristics
Term
What is the theory of blending inheritance?
Definition
Parental traits blend
Such that their offspring have intermediate traits
Term
What is Inheritance of acquired characteristics
Definition
Parental traits are modified
Then passed on to their offspring
Term
Which organism did mendel study?
Definition
common garden pea
Term
Why did mendel choose the common garden pea?
Definition
It is easy to grow
Its reproductive cycle is short
It produces large numbers of seeds
Its matings are easy to control
Its traits are easily recognizable
Term
The process that peas normally pollinate themselves
Definition
self fertilization
Term
How were mendel's peas pollinated?
Definition
he interrupted self fertilization and used the pollen to manually fertilize
Term
When mendel used the pollen of one plant to fertilize another plant he was performing?
Definition
cross pollination
Term
How many easily recognizable traits did mendel's peas have?
Definition
7
Term
An individual’s observable features comprise its?
Definition
phenotype
Term
How many phenotypes did Mendel's peas have per trait?
Definition
2
Term
What type of offspring do mated pure lines produce?
Definition
identical
Term
When two different pure lines are mated what kind of offspring are produced?
Definition
hybrid
Term
What is the parental generation?
Definition
The adults in the cross
Term
What is the F1 generation?
Definition
the result of two pure lines crossing to create a first generation hybrid.
Term
The F in F1 stands for?
Definition
Filial
Term
At first, mendel crossed plants with how many differing traits?
Definition
1
Term
When Mendel crossed plants with round seeds and plants with wrinkled seeds what happened?
Definition
All of the F1 offspring had round seeds
Term
When Mendel crossed plants with round seeds and plants with wrinkled seeds and all of the F1 offspring had round seeds what theory did this result disprove?
Definition
blending inheritance
Term
When mendel allowed his F1 generation of peas to mate with one another what was the result in the F2 generation?
Definition
The wrinkled seed trait reappeared
Term
What did mendel call the The genetic determinant for wrinkled seeds?
Definition
recessive
Term
What did mendel call the The determinant for round seeds
Definition
dominant
Term
In the F2 generation of mendel's peas what was the ratio of dominant to recessive expressing plants?
Definition
3:1
Term
Define Gene
Definition
a hereditary factor that influences a particular trait
Term
Define allele
Definition
a particular form of a gene
Term
define genotype
Definition
a listing of all alleles in an individual
Term
define phenotype
Definition
and individuals observable traits
Term
homozygous
Definition
Having two of the same allele
Term
Define Dominant Allele
Definition
an allele that produces its phenotype in heterozygous and homozygous form.
Term
Define recessive allele
Definition
an allele that produces its phenotype only in homozygous form.
Term
Define reciprocal cross
Definition
a cross where phenotypes male and female are reversed compared with prior cross
Term
Define testcross
Definition
a test between a homozygous recessive individual and an individual with the dominant phenotype but an unknown genotype
Term
What does X linked mean?
Definition
referring to a gene located on the X chromosome
Term
What does Y linked mean?
Definition
referring to a gene on the y chromosome
Term
Define autosomal
Definition
referring to a gene located on any non-sex chromosome (an autosome) or a trait determined by an autosomal gene.
Term
What procedure did Mendel use to determine if gender influenced inheritance?
Definition
reciprocal cross
Term
When the results of the reciprocal cross were identical it determined that?
Definition
it does not matter whether the genetic determinants are located in the male or female parent
Term
What is the theory of particulate inheritance?
Definition
Suggests that hereditary determinants maintain their integrity from generation to generation
Term
What theories does the particulate inheritance theory directly contradict?
Definition
The blending of inheritance
The inheritance of acquired characteristics hypotheses
Term
What is the principle of segregation?
Definition
The two members of each gene pair must segregate
They separate into different gamete cells
During the formation of eggs and sperm in the parents
Term
what is Mendel’s genetic model?
Definition
Is a set of hypotheses that explain how a particular trait is inherited
Explains the results of these crosses
Term
What is a punnett square used for?
Definition
Is now used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring from a cross
Term
What is a dihybrid cross?
Definition
Matings between parents that are both heterozygous for two traits
Term
What was the purpose of the dihybrid crosses?
Definition
To determine whether the principle of segregation holds true if parents differ in more than one trait
Term
What is independent assortment?
Definition
Alleles of different genes are transmitted independently of each other
Term
What is Dependent assortment?
Definition
The transmission of one allele depends on the transmission of another
Term
Which assortment theory did mendel's results support?
Definition
independent assortment
Term
What is the principle of independent assortment?
Definition
Alleles of different genes are transmitted independently of one another
Term
What is the chromosome theory of inheritance?
Definition
chromosomes are composed of Mendel’s hereditary determinants what we now call genes
Term
Who worked with fruit flies?
Definition
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Term
What was thomas hunt morgans first goal?
Definition
To identify phenotypes
Term
What is a Wild Type?
Definition
The most common phenotype for each trait
Term
What is mutation?
Definition
Phenotypes that differed from the wild type resulted from a change in a gene
Term
What are Mutants?
Definition
Individuals with traits attributable to mutation
Term
Define Sex linkage
Definition
genes located on a sex chromosome
Term
define linkage
Definition
Two genes found on same chromosome
Term
define incomplete dominance
Definition
heterozygotes have intermediate phenotype
Term
Define codominance
Definition
heterozygotes have phenotype of both alleles.
Term
define multiple allelism
Definition
in a population, more than two alleles present at a locus.
Term
define polymorphism
Definition
in a population, more than two phenotypes associated with a single gene are present
Term
define pleiotropy
Definition
a single gene affects many traits
Term
define gene by gene interaction
Definition
in discrete traits, the phenotype associated with an allele depends on which alleles are present at another gene.
Term
define gene by environment interaction
Definition
phenotype influence by environment experienced by individual.
Term
define polygenic inheritance of quantitative traits
Definition
many genes are involved in specifying traits that exhibit continuous variation.
Term
In morgan's fruit fly experiment what was the wild type?
Definition
red eye color
Term
In morgan's fruit fly experiment what was the mutation?
Definition
White eyes
Term
When morgan mated a wild-type female fly with a mutant male fly what was the F1 result?
Definition
All of the F1 progeny had red eyes
Term
When Morgan did the reciprocal cross what happened to the F1 generation?
Definition
The F1 females had red eyes
But the F1 males had white eyes
Term
The experiments by morgan suggest a relationship between
Definition
The sex of the progeny the inheritance of eye color in Drosophila
Term
Who analyzed beetle karyotypes?
Definition
Nettie Stevens
Term
When Nettie Stevens analyzed beetle karyotypes what did she find?
Definition
Females’ diploid cells contain 20 large chromosomes
Males’ diploid cells have 19 large and 1 small (Y) chromosomes
Y chromosomes pair with the large X chromosome during meiosis I
Term
What are the letters used to describe the sex chromosomes?
Definition
X and Y chromosomes
Term
In beetles and humans describe the sex chromosomes of males and females
Definition
Females have two X chromosomes
Males have an X and Y
Term
Do all animals have the same chromosome structure as humans? (XX)(XY)
Definition
no.
Term
Put together his experimental results with Stevens’ observations on sex chromosomes and proposed what?
Definition
that the gene for white eye color in fruit flies is located on the X chromosome Said the Y chromosome does not carry an allele of this gene
Term
What was morgan's hypothesis called?
Definition
X linked inheritance
Term
Define Sex linked inheritance
Definition
The various inheritance patterns that can occur when genes are carried on the sex chromosomes
Term
Define autosomes
Definition
Non-sex chromosomes
Term
Genes on autosomes are said to show?
Definition
autosomal inheritance
Term
The discovery of X-linked inheritance convinced most biologists that?
Definition
The chromosome theory of inheritance was correct
Term
Define linkage
Definition
The physical association of two or more genes found on the same chromosome
Term
What should violate the principle of independent assortment
Definition
Linked genes
Term
What are Are predicted to always be transmitted together during gamete formation
Definition
linked genes
Term
Why did Morgan refer to these flies as recombinant?
Definition
The combination of alleles on their X chromosome was different and From the combinations of alleles present in the parental generation
Term
Morgan proposed that gametes with new, recombinant genotypes were generated when?
Definition
When crossing over occurred
During prophase of meiosis I in the females
Term
Linked genes are inherited together unless ?
Definition
crossing over occurs
Term
What takes place when crossing over occurs?
Definition
Genetic recombination occurs
Term
Percentage of recombinant offspring can be used to estimate what?
Definition
the location of genes
Relative to one another
On the same chromosome
Term
Frequency of crossing over can be used to create what?
Definition
genetic map
Term
What is a genetic map?
Definition
A diagram showing the relative positions of genes along a particular chromosome
Term
Morgan proposed that genes are
More likely to cross over when?
Definition
they are far apart from each other
Than when they are close together
Term
Some genes influence many traits
These genes are said to be?
Definition
pleiotropic
Term
An example of pleiotropy in humans is?
Definition
The gene responsible for Marfan syndrome
Term
Individuals with Marfan syndrome exhibit a wide array of phenotypic effects, including?
Definition
Increased height and limb length
Potentially severe heart problems
Term
Mendel worked with what kind of traits?
Definition
discrete traits
Term
What are discrete traits
Definition
Characteristics that are qualitatively different
Term
Traits that are not discrete but fall into a continuum are called?
Definition
quantitative traits
Term
Nilsson-Ehle proposed that many genes each contribute what?
Definition
a small amount to the value of a quantitative trait
Term
Transmission of quantitative traits results from?
Definition
polygenic inheritance
Term
What are Pedigrees?
Definition
Family trees are used to analyze human crosses that already exist
Because experimental crosses cannot be done in humans
Term
Pedigrees record what information?
Definition
The genetic relationships among the individuals in a family each person’s sex phenotype for the trait being studied
Term
If a given trait is due to a single gene, the pedigree may reveal what?
Definition
The trait is due to a dominant or recessive allele
The gene responsible is on a sex chromosome or an autosome
Term
When a phenotype is due to an autosomal recessive allele individuals with the trait must be?
Definition
homozygous
Term
Unaffected parents of an affected individual are likely to be heterozygous?
Definition
carriers
Term
Without exhibiting the phenotypeA recessive phenotype shows up in offspring only when?
Definition
Both parents have that recessive allele
They pass it on to their offspring
Term
is an example of an autosomal recessive trait?
Definition
Sickle cell disease
Term
Autosomal dominant traits are expressed in any individual with?
Definition
at least one dominant allele
Term
Individuals homozygous or heterozygous for the trait will display what?
Definition
the dominant phenotype
Term
If a trait appears equally often in males and females it is likely to be?
Definition
autosomal
Term
If males are much more likely to have the trait it is usually ? linked.
Definition
X
Term
X-linked recessive traits usually skip generations in a?
Definition
pedigree
Term
What is an example of x-linked recessive traits?
Definition
Hemophilia
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