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| emphasizes psychology's role in establishing and maintaining health and preventing and treating illness |
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| is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on developing and integrating behavioral and biomedical knowledge to promote health and reduce illness. |
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| practices that have an impact on physical well-being—include adopting a healthy approach to stress, exercising, eating right, brushing one's teeth, performing breast and testicular exams, not smoking, drinking in moderation (or not at all), and practicing safe sex. |
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| the theory of planned behavior |
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| includes the basic ideas of the theory of reasoned action but adds the person's perceptions of control over the outcome |
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| The stages of change model |
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| describes the process by which individuals give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles. |
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| The precontemplation stage |
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| occurs when individuals are not yet genuinely thinking about changing. They may even be unaware that they have a problem behavior. Individuals who drink to excess but are not aware that their drinking is affecting their work may be in the precontemplation phase. |
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| individuals acknowledge the problem but may not be ready to commit to change. As the name of the stage suggests, at this point individuals are actively thinking about change. |
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| preparation/determination stage |
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| individuals are getting ready to take action. At this point, self-belief and especially beliefs about one's ability to “see it through” are very important. |
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| individuals commit to making a real behavioral change and enact an effective plan. An important challenge at this stage is to find ways to support the new, healthy behavior pattern. |
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| individuals successfully avoid temptation and consistently pursue healthy behaviors. They may become skilled at anticipating tempting situations and avoid them or actively prepare for them. |
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| they are no longer consciously engaged in maintaining their healthy lifestyle; rather, the lifestyle has become a part of who they are. They are now nonsmokers, healthy eaters, or committed runners. |
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| a return to former unhealthy patterns. Contrary to popular belief, relapse is a common aspect of change; and it can be discouraging. However, the majority of people who eventually do change do not succeed on the first try. |
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| implementation intentions |
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| for dealing with the challenges of making a life change are more successful than others at navigating change |
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| nclude drinking alcohol because it is what your friends do or because you want to be sociable. Coping motives center on drinking alcohol to relax, to deal with stress, or to forget your worries. Enhancement motives include drinking because it is fun, because you like how it feels, or because it is exciting. |
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| is information and feedback from others indicating that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and included in a network of communication and mutual obligation. Social support has three types of benefits |
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| Family and friends can provide goods and services in stressful circumstances, as when gifts of food are given after the death of a loved one. |
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| ndividuals who extend support can also recommend specific strategies to help the person under stress cope. Friends may notice that a co-worker is overloaded with work and suggest ways of better managing time or delegating tasks. |
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| Individuals under stress often suffer emotionally and may develop depression, anxiety, or loss of self-esteem. Friends and family can reassure the stressed person that he or she is valuable and loved. Knowing that others care allows a person to manage stress with greater assurance. |
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| turning to others who act as a sounding board or a willing ear. |
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| General adaptation syndrome |
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(GAS) is Selye's term for the common effects on the body when demands are placed on it
• The GAS consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Selye's model is especially useful in helping us understand the link between stress and health. |
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The body's first reaction to a stressor.
temporary state of shock during which resistance to illness and stress falls below normal limits.
In trying to cope with the initial effects of stress, the body releases hormones that, in a short time, adversely affect the functioning of the immune system, the body's network of natural defenses. During this time the individual is prone to infections from illness and injury. |
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| elye's general adaptation syndrome, glands throughout the body manufacture different hormones that protect the individual. |
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| ear and tear takes its toll—the person might collapse in exhaustion, and vulnerability to disease increases. Serious, possibly irreversible damage to the body, such as a heart attack, or even death may occur. |
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| an have serious implications for the body, in particular for the immune system. Interest in links between the immune system and stress spawned a new field of scientific inquiry, psychoneuroimmunology, which explores connections among psychological factors (such as attitudes and emotions), the nervous system, and the immune system |
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| refers to an individual's interpretation of an event as either harmful, threatening, or challenging, and the person's determination of whether he or she has the resources to cope effectively with the event. |
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| essentially a kind of problem solving. It involves managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress. |
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| individuals evaluate their resources and determine how effectively they can be marshaled to cope with the event. |
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| individuals interpret whether an event involves harm or loss that has already occurred, a threat of some future danger, or a challenge to be overcome. |
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| is the cognitive strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them. For example, if you are having trouble with a class, you might go to the campus study skills center and sign up for a program to learn how to study more effectively. |
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| involves responding to the stress that you are feeling—trying to manage your emotional reaction—rather than confronting the root problem. |
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| is characterized by a sense of commitment (rather than alienation) and of control (rather than powerlessness) and a perception of problems as challenges (rather than threats) |
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| Stress management programs |
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| teach individuals how to appraise stressful events, develop coping skills, and put these skills into practical use. |
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formally refers to structured activities whose goal is to improve health.
many health experts stress the benefits of aerobic exercise, which is sustained activity—jogging, swimming, or cycling, for example—that stimulates heart and lung functioning. |
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