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chapter 14
chapter 14
48
Political Studies
Undergraduate 1
04/29/2011

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Term
Civil Rights
Definition
rights that guarentee individuals freedom from discrimination. These rights are generally grounded in the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment.
Term
Civil Liberties
Definition
refer to the the freedoms guarenteed in the Bill of Rights, such as the freedom of speech,religious expression, and the press -limit what the government can do to you and civil rights protect you from discrimination both gov. and individuals.
Term
main difference between civil liberties and civil rights
Definition
L: about freedom
CR: about equality
Term
most divisive Civil Rights movement
Definition
slavery, but we have delt with women, native americans, latinos- now a days with disabled, gays and lesbians
Term
missouri compromise
Definition
an agreement between pro and antislavery groups passed by congress in 1820 in an attempt to ease tensions by limiting the expansion of slavery while also maintaining a balance between slave states and free states.
Term
fugitive slave act
Definition
required northern states states to treat escaped slaves as property and return them to their owners.
Term
compromise of 1850
Definition
over turned the missouri compromise and allowed each new state to decide for itself if they wanted to become a slave state or not.
Term
Dred Scott vs. Sandford
Definition
supreme court ruled that states could not be prevented from allowing slavery.it also said that slaves were property and not citizens and had no legal rights.
Term
disenfranchised
Definition
to have been denied the ability to exercise a right, such as the right to vote.
Term
grandfather clause
Definition
a type of law enacted in several states to allow those who were permitted to vote before the civil war, and their decsendents, to bypass literacy tests and other obstacles to voting thereby exempting whites from these tests while continuing to disfranchise african americans and other people of color
Term
jim crow laws
Definition
state and local laws that mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the south, many border states, and some northern communities between 1876 and 1964.
Term
reconstruction era (1866-1877)
Definition
blacks in the south gained political power through institutions such as the freedmans burea and the union league with substancial help from the radical republicans.When federal troops withdrew and republican party left the south blacks were hated. at the end of this and turn of the century 90 % of all blacks lived in the south.
Term
13 14 and 15th amendments
Definition

13: banned slavery

14: guaranteed that states could not deny the newly freed slaves the equal protection of the laws and provided citizenship to anyone born in the U.S

15: gave african american men right to vote

Term
civil rights act of 1866 and 1875
Definition
supposed to outlaw segregation and provide equal opportunity for blacks- no enforcement provisions. In 1883 the supreme court ruled this unconstitutional
Term
Plessy vs ferguson in establishing separate but equal
Definition
officially permitting segregation as long as blacks had equal facilities ; struck down by Brown vs. Board of Education
Term
Brown v. Board of Education and brown II
Definition
rejected the separate but equal doctrine and then ordered public schools be desegregated -set the stage for the civil rights movement
Term
chinese exclusion act of 1882
Definition
prevented chinese already in the U.S from becoming U.S citizens but the supreme ruled that out because there children would have to according the 14th amendment. Barred all immigration from their country. barred almost all immigration from china-first time U.S singled out a specific ethnic group
Term
protectionism
Definition
the idea under which some people have tried to rationalize discriminatory policies by claiming that some groups, like women or african americans should be denied certain rights for their own safety or well-being. Myra Bradwell wanted to be a lawyer and was denied this because she was a women and the supreme court said that it is not a right to become a lawyer.
Term
latinos vs blacks
Definition
lack in politics b/c language barrier and not citizens so can't vote and diverse political group- mix of rep. and dem.
Term
stats about black vs. whites
Definition
black unemployment for males has been twice as high as whites, two parent home, more likely to be murdered, health expectencies, racial profiling in the criminal justice system

Term
blacks in the criminal system
Definition
they are criminal issues with police shootings and such.
Term
sit-ins
Definition
students went to a segregated lunch counter at a local pub and asked to be served and wouldnt move and some were arrested and some were violent but responded with passive acts.
Term
de jure
Definition
relating to actions or circumstances that occur by law such as the legally enforced segregation of schools in the american south before the 1960's
Term
de facto
Definition
relating to actions or circumstances that occur outside the law or by fact such as the segregation of schools that resulted from housing patterns and other factors rather than from laws.
Term
disparate impact standard
Definition
the idea that discrimination exists if a practice has a negative effect on a specific group, wheather or not this effect was intention. ex. written exams or aptitude tests that discriminate against blacks
Term
reasonable basis test
Definition
the use of evidence to suggest that differences in the behavior of two groups can rationalize unequal treatment of these groups, such as charging sixteen to twenty one year olds higher prices for auto insurance than people over twenty one because younger people have higher accident rates.
Term
intermediate scrutiny test
Definition
the middle level of scruntiny the courts use when determining whether unequal treatment is justified by the effect of a law; this is the standard used for gender based discrimination cases and for many cases based on sexual orientation, gives women stronger protections rather than the reasonable basis test
Term
strict scrutiny test
Definition
the highest level of scrutiny the courts use when determining whether unequal treatment is justified by the effect of a law. it is applied in all cases involving race. laws rarely pass the strict scrutiny standard; a law that discriminates based on race must be shown to serve some "compelling state interest" in order to be upheld. helps women the most
Term
Foreign miners tax
Definition
applied in a discriminatory fashion against the chinese. to drive out the chinese and with violence too.
Term
stonewall rebellion
Definition
spurred the gay rights movement and they fought back and went on for three days
Term
rosa parks
Definition
sparked the civil rights movement
Term
freedom riders
Definition
test a supreme court decision that integrated interstate bus travel,sparking violence
Term
letter from the birmingham jail
Definition
defending nonviolent civil disobedience against unjust laws
Term
federal voting rights act
Definition
prohibits denying anyone the vote on the basis of color and race
Term
texas law school
Definition
had a black law school for student but clearly was not good enough compared to the white
Term
shaw vs. reno
Definition
supreme courts devotion to a color blind jurisprudence has thrown the constitutionality of black majority districts into doubt-saying that its ok to have black majority districts but race can't be the main reason
Term
court's activism intent
Definition
further civil rights- desegregation cases from the 1950's or limit civil rights
Term
Virginia Military Institute
Definition
only accepted men and this violated 14th amendment because didn't explain reasoning why they wanted only men
Term
title IX of the education amendments of 1972
Definition
prohibits sex discrimination in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance. applied to private colleges and universities in which students received federal financial aid. greatest impact on womens sports
Term
lilly ledbetter fair pay act
Definition
first act signed by obama, discrimination against genders
Term
bowers v. hardwick
Definition
homosexual behavior was not protected by the constitution and state laws banning it could be justified under the most lenient reasonable basis test
Term
substantive due process doctrine
Definition
serves as the basis for the constitutional protections for birth control, abortion, and decisions about how to raise ones child. in this view the supreme court has the power to overturn laws that infringe on individual liberties.
Term
The civil rights act
Definition
barred discrimination in employment based on sex, race, religion or national origin, banned segregation in public places and set up the EEOC as the enforcement agency for the legislation
Term
The Voting Rights Act
Definition
eliminated direct obstacles to minority voting in the south such as discriminatory literacy tests and other voter registration tests and also provided the means to enforce the law, one of the most significant pieces during the civil rights movement
Term
Fair Housing Act of 1968
Definition
barred discrimination in the rental or sale of a home
Term
Title VII of the civil rights act
Definition
barred discrimination based on gender
Term
affirmative action
Definition
extra effort to recruit women and minorities for employment or college admission by taking out ads in newspaper and magazines. Sometimes meeting a quota-strict numerical targets to hire or admit a specific number of applicants
Term
university of california regents v. bakke
Definition
landmark decision for affirmative action in higher education. Bakke had higher scores than minorities but they had slots they had to fill for the minorities
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