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Chapter 14 Part 2
PSYCH WOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOT
69
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
05/01/2012

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Term
The nature of personality disorders
(3)
Definition
Enduring and relatively stable predispositions

Inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress and/or impairment

Coded on Axis II of the DSM-IV-TR
Term
Cluster A characterized by
Definition
odd or eccentric cluster
Term
Cluster B characterized by
Definition
dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster
Term
Cluster C characterized by
Definition
fearful or anxious cluster
Term
Personality disorders affect about how much of the population?
Definition
0.5% to 2.5% of the general population
Term
For Personality Disorders, are rates high er in inpatient and outpatient settings?
Definition
Yes
Term
Origins and course of personality disorders (3)
Definition
Thought to begin in childhood

Tend to run a chronic course if untreated

Comorbidity rates are high
Term
(T/F) Gender bias exists in the diagnosis of personality disorders
Definition
True
Term
Cluster A: Paranoid Personality Disorder

Characterized by what?
Definition
Pervasive and unjustified mistrust and suspicion
Term
Cluster A: Paranoid Personality Disorder

The Causes
Definition
Biological and psychological contributions are unclear

Early learning that people and the world is a dangerous place
Term
Cluster A: Schizoid Personality Disorder

Characterized by what? (2)
Definition
Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships

Very limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations
Term
Cluster A: Schizoid Personality Disorder

The Causes
Definition
unclear what causes it
Term
Cluster A: Schizoid Personality Disorder

People who have this disorder typically have a preference for what?

This preference resembles that of what other disorder?
Definition
social isolation; autism
Term
Cluster A: Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Behavioral characterizations (4)
Definition
Behavior and dress is odd and unusual

Socially isolated and highly suspicious

Magical thinking, ideas of reference, and illusions

Many meet criteria for major depression
Term
Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder

Characterized by what? (4)
Definition
Failure to comply with social norms

Violation of the rights of others

Irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful

Lack of a conscience, empathy, and remorse
Term
(T/F) Psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder are related?
Definition
True
Term
Cluster B: Antisocial Personality Disorder

3 things concerning the relation with conduct disorder and early behavior problems (with Antisocial Personality Disorder) (3)
Definition
Early histories of behavioral problems, including conduct disorder

Families with inconsistent parental discipline and support

Families often have histories of criminal and violent behavior
Term
Cluster B: Borderline Personality Disorder

Characterized by what? (4)
Definition
Unstable moods and relationships

Impulsivity, fear of abandonment, very poor self-image

Self-mutilation and suicidal gestures

Comorbidity rates are high
Term
Cluster B: Histrionic Personality Disorder

Characterized by what? (4)
Definition
Overly dramatic, sensational, and sexually provocative

Often impulsive and need to be the center of attention

Thinking and emotions are perceived as shallow

Common diagnosis in females
Term
Cluster B: Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Characterized by what? (4)
Definition
Exaggerated and unreasonable sense of self-importance

Preoccupation with receiving attention

Lack sensitivity and compassion for other people

Highly sensitive to criticism, envious, and arrogant
Term
Cluster C: Avoidant Personality Disorder

Characterized by what? (3)
Definition
Extreme sensitivity to the opinions of others

Highly avoidant of most interpersonal relationships

Are interpersonally anxious and fearful of rejection
Term
Cluster C: Dependent Personality Disorder

Characterized by what? (3)
Definition
Reliance on others to make major and minor life decisions

Unreasonable fear of abandonment

Clingy and submissive in interpersonal relationships
Term
Cluster C: Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Characterized by what? (3)
Definition
Excessive and rigid fixation on doing things the right way

Highly perfectionistic, orderly, and emotionally shallow

Obsessions and compulsions are rare
Term
2 main characteristics of Personality Disorders (2)
Definition
Long-standing patterns of behavior

Begin early in development and run a chronic course
Term
There is disagreement over how to catergorize personality disorders, primarily between these two terms (2)
Definition
Categorical vs. dimensional. (some of the community is proposing some sort of combination of both)
Term
The causes of personality disorders start _____ but are hard to _____
Definition
start in childhood; specify
Term
for personality disorders Treatment is ______ and prognosis is _____
Definition
difficult; poor
Term
Schizophrenia vs. psychosis

Psychosis
Definition
a broad term (i.e. hallucinations, delusions)
Term
Schizophrenia vs. psychosis

Schizophrenia is what?
Definition
a type of psychosis
Term
Psychosis and schizophrenai are ______?
Definition
heterogeneous
Term
Schizophrenia: The “Positive” Symptom Cluster

The positive symptoms (2)
Definition
Active manifestations of abnormal behavior

Distortions of normal behavior
Term
Schizophrenia: The “Positive” Symptom Cluster

Delusions (2)
Definition
Gross misrepresentations of reality

Include delusions of grandeur or persecution
Term
Schizophrenia: The “Positive” Symptom Cluster

Hallucinations (2)
Definition
Experience of sensory events without environmental input

Can involve all senses
Term
Schizophrenia: The “Negative” Symptom Cluster

The negative symptoms (1)
Definition
Absence or insufficiency of normal behavior
Term
Schizophrenia: The “Negative” Symptom Cluster

spectrum of negative symptoms (4 terms)
Definition
Avolition (or apathy) – lack of initiation and persistence

Alogia – relative absence of speech

Anhedonia – lack of pleasure, or indifference

Affective flattening – little expressed emotion
Term
Avolition (or apathy)
Definition
lack of initiation and persistence
Term
Alogia
Definition
relative absence of speech
Term
Anhedonia
Definition
lack of pleasure, or indifference
Term
Affective flattening
Definition
little expressed emotion
Term
Schizophrenia: The “Disorganized” Symptom Cluster

The disorganized symptoms (1)
Definition
Severe and excess speech, behavior, and emotion
Term
Schizophrenia: The “Disorganized” Symptom Cluster

Nature of disorganized speech (3 terms)
Definition
Cognitive slippage – illogical and incoherent speech
Tangentiality – “going off on a tangent”
Loose associations – conversation in unrelated directions
Term
Congitive slippage
Definition
Illogical and incoherent speech
Term
Tangentiality
Definition
"going off on a tangent"
Term
Loose associations
Definition
conversation in unrelated directions
Term
Schizophrenia: The “Disorganized” Symptom Cluster

disorganized behavior (2)
Definition
includes a variety of unusual behaviors

Inappropriate emotional behavior
Term
Catatonia
Definition
Abnormality of movement and behavior arising from a disturbed mental state (typically schizophrenia).
Term
Subtypes of Schizophrenia: Paranoid and Disorganized

Paranoid Type Characteristics (4)
Definition
Intact cognitive skills and affect

Do not show disorganized behavior

Hallucinations and delusions – grandeur or persecution

The best prognosis of all types of schizophrenia
Term
Subtypes of Schizophrenia: Paranoid and Disorganized

Disorganized type Characteristics (4)
Definition
Marked disruptions in speech and behavior

Flat or inappropriate affect

Hallucinations and delusions – tend to be fragmented

Develops early, tends to be chronic, lacks remissions
Term
Subtypes of Schizophrenia: Catatonic, Undifferentiated, and Residual

Catatonic type characteristics (3 one is examples)
Definition
Show unusual motor responses and odd mannerisms

Examples include echolalia and echopraxia

Tends to be severe and quite rare
Term
Subtypes of Schizophrenia: Catatonic, Undifferentiated, and Residual

Undifferentiated type Characteristics (3)
Definition
Wastebasket category

Major symptoms of schizophrenia

Fail to meet criteria for another type
Term
Subtypes of Schizophrenia: Catatonic, Undifferentiated, and Residual

Residual type Characteristics (2)
Definition
One past episode of schizophrenia

Continue to display less extreme residual symptoms
Term
Schizophreniform disorder (3 characteristics)
Definition
Schizophrenic symptoms for a few months

Associated with good premorbid functioning

Most resume normal lives
Term
Schizoaffective disorder (4 Characteristics)
Definition
Symptoms of schizophrenia and a mood disorder

Both disorders are independent of one another

Prognosis is similar for people with schizophrenia

Such persons do not tend to get better on their own
Term
Delusional Disorder (4 Characteristics)
Definition
Delusions that are contrary to reality

Lack other positive and negative symptoms

Extremely rare

Better prognosis than schizophrenia
Term
Types of Delusions (5)
Definition
Erotomanic
Grandiose
Jealous
Persecutory
Somatic
Term
Brief psychotic disorder (3 characteristics)
Definition
One or more positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Usually precipitated by extreme stress or trauma

Tends to remit on its own
Term
Shared psychotic disorder (2)
Definition
Delusions from one person manifest in another person

Little is known about this condition
Term
Schizotypal personality disorder (1)
Definition
May reflect a less severe form of schizophrenia
Term
Causes of Schizophrenia: Other Neurobiological Influences


Structural and functional abnormalities in the brain(specify, with 2 characteristics)
Definition
Enlarged ventricles and reduced tissue volume

Hypofrontality – less active frontal lobes
A major dopamine pathway
Term
Hypofrontality
Definition
less active frontal lobes

A major dopamine pathway
Term
Causes of Schizophrenia: Other Neurobiological Influences

It has been thought that ____ during _____ development could cause Schizophrenia in people but findings are inconclusive
Definition
viral infections;early prenatal development
Term
Causes of Schizophrenia: Other Neurobiological Influences

Conclusions about neurobiology and schizophrenia (2)
Definition
Schizophrenia – diffuse neurobiological dysregulation
Structural and functional brain abnormalities
Not unique to schizophrenia
Term
Causes of Schizophrenia: Psychological and Social Influences

The Role of Stress (2)
Definition
May activate underlying vulnerability

May also increase risk of relapse
Term
Causes of Schizophrenia: Psychological and Social Influences

Family interactions (2)
Definition
Families – show ineffective communication patterns

High expressed emotion – associated with relapse
Term
Why does one twin become schizophrenic and the other does not? (4)
Definition
Lower birth weight
More physiological distress
More submissive, tearful, sensitive
Impaired motor coordination
Term
Genes scattered across all but 8 chromosomes have been implicated (to cause Schizophrenia)

The most important are: (4)
Definition
Neuregulin 1: NMDA, GABA, & Ach receptors
Dysbindin: synaptic plasticity
Catechol-O-methyl transferase: DA metabol.
G72: regulates glutamatergic activity
Others: myelination, glial function
Term
Genes


Genes scattered across all but 8 chromosomes have been implicated


Paternal Age is a factor for schizophrenia in offspring because what?
Definition
more cell divisions in sperm
Term
According to the DSM-IV-TR how many subtypes of schizophrenia are there?
Definition
Five
Term
(T/F) Concerning Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders,Successful treatment rarely includes complete recovery
Definition
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