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| Developmental Psychologist |
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Definition
| Practitioner who studies how people change and grow over time - physically, mentally, and socially |
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| the process by which children learn the behaviours, attitudes, and expectations required of them by their society and culture |
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| a study in which subjects of different ages are compared at a given time |
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| a study in which subjects are followed and periodically reassessed over a period of time |
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| the sequential unfolding of genetically influenced behaviour and physical characteristics |
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| stage of prenatal development that begins at conception, when the male's sperm unites with the female's ovum (egg) |
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| in prenatal development, the fertilized single-celled egg |
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| In prenatal development, the organism between the time of implantation and the eighth week of pregnancy |
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| stage of prenatal development that begins once implantation is completed, about two weeks after fertilization, and lasts until eighth week after conception |
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| stage of prenatal development from eight weeks after conception until birth, during which the fetus further develops the organs and systems that existed in rudimentary form in the embryonic stage |
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| in prenatal development, the organism between he eighth week of pregnancy and the time of birth |
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| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| birth defect caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, associated with low birth weight, a smaller brain facial deformities, lack of coordination, and mental retardation |
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| agent that interferes with normal embryonic development |
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| automatic behaviours that are necessary for survival |
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| describes the relatively stable pattern of relationships that one forms from birth to death |
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| in primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of the infants first attachment |
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| the distress that most children develop, at about six to eight months of age, when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with strangers |
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| experimental method devised by Mary Ainsworth to study the nature of the attachment between mothers and babies |
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| adult use of baby talk, using pitch that is higher and more varied than usual and exaggerating intonation and emphasis on vowels |
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| a child's first word combinations, which omit (as a telegraph did) unnecessary words |
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| Swiss psychologist who studied child development, created the "flower-blooming" school of cognitive development, and proposed the theory of cognitive stages |
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| In Piaget's theory, the process of absorbing new information into existing cognitive structures |
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| in Piaget's theory, the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to experience and new information |
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| the understanding, which develops throughout the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see or touch it |
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| in Piaget's theory, mental actions that are cognitively reversible |
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| seeing the world from one's own point of view only; the inability to take another person's perspective |
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| the understanding that the physical properties of objects- such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass - can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes |
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| psychologist who emphasized the sociocultural influences of language and culture on a child's cognitive development |
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| according to Vygotsky, how children talk to themselves to direct their own behaviour; over time, private speech becomes internalized and slient |
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| a system of beliefs about the way one's own mind and the minds of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings |
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| a method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct the child's misbehaviour |
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| a method of child rearing in which the parent appeals to the child's own resources, abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for others in correcting the child's misbehaviour |
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| the fundamental sense of being male or female; it is independent of whether the person conforms to the social and cultural rules of gender |
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| the process by which children learn the abilities, interests and behaviours associated with being masculine or feminine in their cultures |
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| condition, occurring in about one of every 2000 births, in which chromosomal or hormonal anomalies cause a child to be born with ambiguous genitals, or genitals that conflict with the infant's chromosomes (formerly called hermaphroditism) |
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| a term describing a broad category of people who don not fit comfortably into the usual categories of male and female, masculine and feminine |
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| a cognitive schema (mental network) of knowledge, beliefs, metaphors, and expectations about what it means to be male or female |
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| The age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction |
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| the onset of menstruation |
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| Secondary sex characteristics |
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| secondary signs of physical maturity at puberty, such as a deepened voice and facial and chest hair in boys and pubic hair in both sexes |
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| One of the first modern theorists to propose a lifespan approach to psychological development, proposed that all individuals go through eight stages in their lives, each characterized by a particular "crisis," that ideally should be resolved before the individual moves on |
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| a person's internal struggle to decide what to be and what to make of this life; those who resolve it will have a strong identity and be ready to plan for the future; those who do not will sink into confusion, unable to make decisions |
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| Norms governing what people of the same age and historical generation are expected to do, used by people to determine whether they are on time for transitions or off time |
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| phase of life of many young people aged 18-25 who are in collage or university and at least partly dependent financially on their parents; in some ways, they consider themselves to have reached adulthood, and in other ways, they feel they have not |
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| the cessation of menstruation and of the production of ova; it is usually a gradual process lasting up to several years |
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| the capacity for deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems; it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age |
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| Crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
| cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over a lifetime; it is heavily dependent on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime |
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