Term
| a financial incentive given by government to an individual or a business interest to accomplish a public objective |
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Definition
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| government taking items of value, especially money, from some groups of people and then giving items of value, either in cash or services, to other groups of people |
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| a severe and prolonged economic slump characterized by decreased business activity and high unemployment |
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| an economic slowdown characterized by declining economic output and rising unemployment |
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| a decline in the purchasing power of the currency |
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| a tax deduction or exclusion that allows individuals to pay less tax than they would otherwise |
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| the exclusion of some types of income from taxation |
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| an expenditure that can be subtracted from a taxpayer’s gross income before figuring the tax owed |
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| taxes levied on the manufacture, transportation, sale, or consumption of a particular item or set of related items |
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| the total value of goods and services produced by a nation’s economy in a year, excluding transactions with foreign countries |
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Definition
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
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Term
| the point at which the actual cost of a tax falls |
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Term
| a levy that taxes people earning higher incomes at a higher rate than it does individuals making less money |
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| levy that taxes all persons at the same percentage rate, regardless of income |
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| a levy whose burden falls more heavily on lower-income groups than on wealthy tax payers |
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| the approach to government finance that holds that taxes should be based on an individual’s ability to pay |
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Definition
| Ability to Pay theory of Taxation |
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| a tax levied on the value of an inheritance |
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| the economic theory that tax cuts, especially for business and the wealthy, will lead to savings and investment that will benefit everyone |
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| the amount by which annual budget expenditures exceed annual budget receipts |
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| the sum by which annual budget receipts exceed annual budget expenditures |
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Definition
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| budget receipts equal budget expenditures |
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| the accumulated indebtedness of the federal government |
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| a federal pension and disability insurance program funded through a payroll tax on workers and their employers |
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| a measure of inflation that is based on the changing cost of goods and services |
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Definition
| Consumer Price Index (CPI) |
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| a mechanism designed to regularly increase the size of a payment to compensate for the effects of inflation |
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Definition
| Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA) |
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| government programs that provide benefits to individuals based on their economic status |
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| a government program that provides benefits to recipients based on their financial need |
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| the use of government spending and taxation for the purpose of achieving economic goals |
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| a government program providing benefits to all persons qualified to receive them under law |
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| a pay-as-you-go budget rule that requires that any tax cut or spending increase be offset by tax increases or spending cuts elsewhere in the budget |
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| budgetary expenditures that are mandated by law, including entitlements and contractual commitments made in previous years |
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| budgetary expenditures that are not mandated by law or contract, including annual funding for education, the Coast Guard, space exploration, highway construction, defense, foreign aid, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation |
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Term
| the procedure through which Congress legislatively allocates money for a particular purpose |
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| the procedure through which Congress legislatively establishes a program, defines its general purpose, devises procedures for its operation, specifies an agency to implement the program, and indicates an approximate level of funding for the program, but does not actually provide money |
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| money paid for the use of money |
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| the control of the money supply for the purpose of achieving economic goals |
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Term
| an independent regulatory commission that makes monetary policy |
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Definition
| Federal Reserve Board (Fed) |
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Term
| a committee of the Federal Reserve that meets eight times a year to review the economy and adjust monetary policy to achieving the net goals |
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Definition
| Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) |
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| an interest group representing the concerns of older Americans |
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| provisions that direct that funds be spent for particular purposes |
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| expenditures to fund local projects that are not critically important from a national perspective |
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| the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution |
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Definition
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Term
| the protection of the individual from the unrestricted power of government |
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Definition
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Term
| the process through which the US Supreme Court interpreted the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment of the US Constitution to apply most of the provisions of the national Bill of Rights to the states |
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Definition
| Selective Incorporation of the Bill of Rights |
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Term
| a constitutional right that is so important that government cannot restrict it unless it can demonstrate a compelling or overriding public interest of doing so |
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| law that involves the interpretation and application of the Constitution |
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| administrative rules adopted by regulatory agencies |
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| law that is written by the legislature |
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| an education reform aimed at improving the quality of schools by allowing parents to select the school their child will attend |
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Term
| – a legislative measure that increases penalties for persons convicted of criminal offenses motivated by prejudice based on race, religion, national origin, gender, or sexual orientation |
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Definition
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| the constitutional principle holding that government must follow fair and regular procedures in actions that could lead to an individual’s suffering loss of life, liberty, or property |
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| an official authorization issued by a judicial officer |
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| the reasonable suspicion based on evidence that a particular search will uncover contraband |
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| the judicial doctrine stating that when the police violate an individual’s constitutional rights, the evidence obtained as a result of police misconduct or error cannot be used against the defendant |
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| the government trying a criminal a second time for the same offense after an acquittal in an earlier prosecution |
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| lawsuit initiated to assess the constitutionality of a legislative or executive act |
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| written legal arguments presented by parties not directly involved in the case, including interest groups and units of government |
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Definition
| Amicus Curiae (Friend of the Court Brief) |
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Term
| The Bill of rights originally restricted... |
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Definition
| the national government but not the state governments |
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Term
| China has the one child policy to |
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Definition
| limit population growth in order to promote economic development |
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Term
| State constitutions can... |
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Definition
| guarantee more rights than those found in the federal constitution |
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Term
| Engel v. Vitale dealt with |
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Definition
| establishment of religion |
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| Mapp v. Ohio is associated with... |
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Definition
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| Gideon v. Wainwright is associated with... |
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Definition
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| Employment Division v. Smith is associated with... |
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Term
| Who has had the greatest impact on civil liberties policy formulation and adoption? |
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Definition
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Term
| refers to government action to prevent publication or broadcast of material that the government finds objectionable |
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Definition
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| the most important tax source of revenue for the U.S. government |
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| assessed on wage earnings but not on income generated by stock dividends and interest |
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Definition
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| tax on gasoline, tires, and airplane tickets |
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Definition
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| Increase personal savings and investment was |
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Definition
| a goal of the tax reforms associated with President George W. Bush |
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Term
| The Federal reserve board is primarily responsible for |
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Definition
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Term
| The Federal Open Market committee makes decisions that |
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Definition
| directly impact interest rates |
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Term
| a provision of the 14th amendment of the U.S. Constitution that declares that “No State shall … deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” |
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Definition
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| the protection of the individual from arbitrary or discriminatory acts by government of by individuals based on that person’s group status, such as race and gender |
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Definition
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| distinctions among persons that must be justified on the basis of a compelling government interest that cannot be achieved in a less restrictive fashion |
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Definition
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| the judicial decision rule holding that the Supreme Court will find a government policy unconstitutional unless the government can demonstrate a compelling interest justifying the action |
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Term
| legal provisions requiring the social segregation of African Americans in separate and generally unequal facilities |
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Definition
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| the judicial doctrine holding that separate facilities for whites and African Americans satisfy the equal protection requirement of the 14th amendment |
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Definition
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| racial separation required by law |
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Definition
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| racial separation resulting from factors other than law, such as housing patterns |
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| the denial of voting rights |
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Definition
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Term
| an electoral system used in the South to prevent the participation of African Americans in the Democratic primary |
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Definition
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Term
| an election held to determine a party’s nominees for the general election ballot |
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Term
| a legal requirement that citizens must accurately explain a passage in the U.S. Constitution or state constitution before they could register to vote |
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Definition
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Term
| a legal requirement that citizens demonstrate an ability to read and write before they could register to vote |
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Definition
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Term
| tax levied on the right to vote |
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Definition
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Term
| a provision that exempted those persons whose grandfathers had been eligible to vote at some earlier date from tests of understanding, literacy tests, and other difficult-to-achieve voter qualification requirements. |
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Definition
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| private deed restrictions that prohibited property owners from selling or leasing property to African Americans or other minorities |
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Definition
| Racially restrictive covenants |
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Term
| the constitutional provision giving Congress authority to “regulate commerce … among the several states” |
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Definition
| Interstate Commerce Clause |
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Term
| a federal law designed to end discrimination against persons with disabilities and eliminate barriers to their full participation in American society |
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Definition
| Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) |
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Term
| a legal partnership between two men or two women that gives the couple all the benefits, protections, and responsibilities under law as are granted to spouses in a traditional marriage |
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Definition
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| a legal status similar to civil unions in that it confers rights similar to marriage |
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Definition
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| steps taken by colleges, universities, and private employers to remedy the effects of past discrimination |
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Definition
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| a legal requirement that firms receiving government grants or contracts allocate a certain percentage of their purchases of supplies and services to businesses owned or controlled by members of minority groups |
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Definition
| Minority Business set-aside |
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Term
| a procedure whereby citizens can prepare the adoption of a policy measure by gathering a prerequisite member of signatures. Voters must then approve the measure before it can take effect |
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Definition
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Term
| Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment is |
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Definition
| the constitutional provision that has the greatest impact on civil rights policymaking |
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Term
| Brown vs. board of education was a |
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Definition
| test case promoted by the NAACP, overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, and outlawed de jure segregation but not de facto segregation |
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Term
| City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Company dealt with |
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Definition
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Term
| a political community occupying a definite territory and having an organized government |
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Definition
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| nations whose economies are increasingly based on services, research, and information rather than heavy industry |
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Definition
| Post-Industrial Societies |
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| a system of official contacts between two nations in which the countries exchange ambassadors and other diplomatic personnel and operate embassies in each other’s country |
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| an international organization founded in 1945 as a diplomatic forum to resolve conflicts among the world’s nations |
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Definition
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| the international organization created to promote economic stability worldwide |
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Definition
| International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
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Term
| a regional military alliance consisting of the United States, Canada, and most of the European democracies |
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Definition
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
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Term
| – an international organization that administers trade laws and provides a forum for settling trade disputes among nations |
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Definition
| World Trading Organization (WTO) |
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Term
| international organizations committed to the promotion of a particular set of issues |
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Definition
| Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) |
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Term
| an international accord among the United States, Mexico, and Canada to lower trade barriers among the three nations |
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Definition
| North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |
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Term
| the concept that democracies do not wage war against other democracies |
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Definition
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| the process by which nations carry on political relations with each other |
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Definition
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| an international agreement to reduce the worldwide emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases |
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Definition
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Term
| the total value of goods and services produced by a nation’s economy in a year, excluding transactions with foreign countries |
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Term
| the belief that the United States and the Soviet Union would be deterred from launching a nuclear assault against each other for fear of being destroyed in a general nuclear war |
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Definition
| Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) |
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Term
| the capacity of a nation to launch an initial nuclear assault sufficient to cripple an adversary’s ability to retaliate |
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Definition
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Term
| the capacity of a nation to absorb an initial nuclear attack and retain sufficient nuclear firepower to inflict unacceptable damage on its adversary |
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Definition
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Term
| the ability of a nation to prevent an attack against itself or its allies by threat of massive retaliation |
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Definition
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| the concept that the United States will strike back against an aggressor with overwhelming force |
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Definition
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| the defense policy that declares that the United States will attack hostile nations or groups that represent a potential threat to the security of the US |
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Definition
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| the close cooperation and general agreement between the two major political parties in dealing with foreign policy matters |
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Definition
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| a military advisory body that is composed of the chiefs of staff of the US Army and Air Force, the chief of naval operations, and sometimes the commandant of the Marine Corps |
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Definition
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| nations that threaten world peace by sponsoring international terrorism and promoting the spread of weapons of mass destruction |
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Definition
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| an international organization created to promote economic stability worldwide |
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| would be involved in international efforts to control avian influenza |
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| would most likely mediate trade dispute |
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| developed nuclear weapons to counter the development of nuclear weapons by neighboring India |
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| President most closely associated with the concept of preemption |
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