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Chapter 13 - Vocabulary
Basic Vocabulary
103
Medical
Undergraduate 1
12/04/2012

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Term
Hormones
Definition
chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the bloodstream
Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
produce hormones; don't have ducts
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
a pea-sized gland that is divided into two parts, the anterior and posterior lobes
- anterior lobe secretes Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Growth Hormone (GH)
Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH)
Lactogenic Hormone (LTH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- Posterior Lobe
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition
butterfly-shaped; lies on wither side of the larynx
- secretes Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine
Calcitonin
Term
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Definition
stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex
Term
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Definition
stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova in the ovaries of the female
Term
Growth Hormone (GH)
Definition
regulates the growth of bone, muscle , and other body tissues
Term
Interstitial Cell-stimulating Hormone (ICSH)
Definition
stimulates the ovulation in the female; in the male stimulates the production of testosterone
Term
Lactogenic Hormone (LTH)
Definition
Prolactin; stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk in mother after childbirth
Term
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Definition
stimulates ovulation in the female. In the male, stimulates the secretion of testosterone
Term
Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Definition
increases the production of melanin in melanocytes, thereby causing darkening of skin pigmentation
Term
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Definition
stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland
Term
Antidiuretic Hormone
Definition
secreted by the hypothalumus and stored and released in the pituitary gland; helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is secreted through the kidneys
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth; After childbirth it controls postnatal hemorrhage and stimulates the flow of milk from the mammary glands
Term
Pineal Gland
Definition
Very small endocrine gland located in the central portion of the brain;
- secretes Melatonin
Term
Melatonin
Definition
influences the sleep-wakefulness portions of the circadian cycle
Term
Circadian cycle
Definition
refers to the biological functions that occur within a 24-hour period
Term
Throcine (T4) and Triodothyronine (T4)
Definition
regulates the metabolism and affects the growth and rate of function of many other body systems
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
a hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth
Term
Parathyroid Glands
Definition
four; about the size of a grain of rice; embedded into the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
- secretes the parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Term
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Definition
works with the hormone Calcitonin; together they regulate the calcium levels in the blood and tissues
Term
Thymus
Definition
located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity; posterior to the sternum, little bit superior to the heart
- secretes Thymosin
Term
Thymosin
Definition
plays an important role in the immune system by stimulating the maturation of lymphocytes into T Cells
Term
Pancreas
Definition
located posterior to the stomach that serves as part of both the digestive and endocrine systems
- secretes Glucagon
Insulin
Term
Pancreatic Islets
Definition
the parts of the pancreas that serve the endocrine system
Term
Glucose
Definition
Blood Sugar; the basic form of energy used by the body
Term
Glucagon
Definition
the hormone that is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose in the bloodstream; encourages the liver to convert glycogen into glucose for release into the blood stream
Term
Insulin
Definition
the hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream;
- when energy is needed, insulin allows glucose to enter cells to be used as this energy
- When additional glucose is not needed insulin stimulates the liver to convert glucose into glycogen for storage
Term
Adrenal Glands
Definition
on on top of each kidney; outer portion = adrenal cortex, middle portion = adrenal medulla
- adrenal cortex secretes
androgens
corticosteroids
1.Aldosterone
2Cortisol
Term
Androgens
Definition
sex hormones secreted by the gonads, the the adrenal cortex, and fat cells
Term
Corticosteroids
Definition
the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
a corticosteroid that regulates the salt and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys
Term
Cortisol
Definition
a corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action; also regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the body
Term
Epinephrine
Definition
Adrenaline, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
both a hormone and a neurohormone; plays an important role in the "fight or flight" response by raising blood pressure, strengthening the heartbeat, and stimulating heart contractions
Term
Gonads
Definition
gamete-producing glands
- in males, secretes testosterone
- in females, secretes estrogen and progesterone
Term
Puberty
Definition
the process of physical changes by which a child's body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing
Term
Estrogen
Definition
hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important in the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of the menstrual cycle
Term
Progesterone
Definition
the hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary; completes the preparation of the uterus for possible pregnancy
Term
Gamete
Definition
a reproductive cell
Term
Gonadotropin
Definition
any hormone that stimulates the gonads
Term
Androgens
Definition
sex hormones, primarily testosterone, secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells, androgens promote the development and maintenance of the male sex characteristics, however, they are present in both genders
Term
Testosterone
Definition
a steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics
Term
Steroids
Definition
a large family of hormone-like substances that share the same fat-soluble chemical structure
Term
Anabolic Steroids
Definition
man-made substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones; used in the treatment of hormone problems in men and help the body replace muscle mass lost due to disease
Term
Leptin
Definition
a protein hormone secreted by fat cells the is involved in the regulation of appetite
Term
Neurohormones
Definition
produced and released by neurons in the brain, rather than by the endocrine glands, and delivered to organs and tissues through the bloodtream
Term
Endocrinologist
Definition
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands
Term
Certified Diabetes Educator
Definition
a healthcare professional qualified to teach people with diabetes how to manage their disease
Term
Acromegaly
Definition
a rare chronic disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities; caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
Term
Gigantism
Definition
abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty
Term
Hyperpituitarism
Definition
the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes acromegaly and gigantism
Term
Short Stature
Definition
Dwarfism, sometimes caused by deficient secretion of growth hormone
Term
Pituitary Adenoma
Definition
Functioning - produce hormones in large unregulated amounts
Nonfunctioning - useless mass
Term
Galactorrhea
Definition
a condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously
Term
Prolactinoma
Definition
a benign tumor of the pituitary gland; causes the pituitary gland to produce too much prolactin; can cause infertility in women and erectile dysfunction in men, and can impair vision
Term
Diabetes Insipidus
Definition
caused by an insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone ADH or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone
-not enough - too much fluid is secreted by the kidneys
Term
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
Definition
Caused by overproduction of the antidiuretic hormone ADH. Kidneys don't secrete as much water which causes bloating and water retention. This dilutes the blood and causes electrolyte imbalances
Term
Pinealoma
Definition
tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin
Term
Hashimoto's disease
Definition
an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy cells of the thyroid gland. This inflammation can often lead to hypothyroidism
Term
Hypothyroidism
Definition
caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion; symptoms include fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold, and a decreased metabolic rate
Term
Cretinism
Definition
a congenital form of hypothyroidism
Term
Myxedema
Definition
caused by an extreme deficiency in thyroid secretion. symptoms include swelling, particularly around the eyes and cheeks, fatigue, and a subnormal temperature
Term
Hyperthyroidism
Definition
overproduction of the thyroid hormones causes an imbalance of the metabolism; causes increased metabolic rate, sweating, nervousness, and weight loss
Term
Grave's Disease
Definition
a disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormones
Term
Goiter
Definition
abnormal nonmalignant enlargement of the thyroid gland; produces swelling in the front of the neck
Term
Exopthalmos
Definition
is an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit
Term
Hyperparathyroidism
Definition
overproduction of the parathyroid hormone which causes hypercalcemia
Term
Hypercalcemia
Definition
characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth; can lead to weakened bones and the formation of kidney stones
Term
Hypoparathyroidism
Definition
caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone; causes hypocalcemia
Term
Hypocalcemia
Definition
characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood; opposite of hypercalcemia
Term
Insulinoma
Definition
a benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin
Term
Pancreatitis
Definition
inflammation of the pancreas; most often caused by alcohol abuse
Term
Hyperglycemia
Definition
an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood; seen primarily in patients with diabetes mellitus
Term
Hypoglycemia
Definition
abnormally low concentrations of glucose in the blood; symptoms include nervousness and shakiness, confusion, perspiration, or feeling anxious or weak
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
Definition
a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
Term
Type 1 Diabetes
Definition
an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells
- symptoms include polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, weight loss, blurred vision, extreme fatigue, and slow healing
Term
Type 2 Diabetes
Definition
an insulin resistance disorder appearing mostly in overweight and obese individuals
Term
Prediabetes
Definition
a condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type two diabetes
Term
Latent Autoimmune Disease in Adults (LADA)
Definition
a condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults. shares many characteristics of type 2 diabetes; however autoimmune antibodies are present treated the same way as type 2 diabetes with some variations
Term
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Definition
is a form of Diabetes Mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies; usually disappears after delivery
Term
Diabetic Coma
Definition
caused by a very high blood sugar; treated by prompt administration of insulin
Term
Insulin Shock
Definition
caused by very low blood sugar;Oral glucose, a sugary substance, is administered through the mouth to raise blood sugar quickly
Term
Diabetic Retinopathy
Definition
occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina; This causes blood to leak into the posterior segment of the eyeball which causes the damage that causes the loss of vision
Term
Addison's Disease
Definition
Occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormone cortisol or aldosterone. Characterized by chronic, worsening fatigue and muscle weakness, loss of appetite, low blood pressure, and weight loss
Term
Aldosteronism
Definition
abnormality in the electrolyte balance due to the excessive secretion of aldosterone
Term
Conn's Syndrome
Definition
a disorder of the adrenal glands that is caused by the excessive production of aldosterone; form of primary aldosteronism; can cause weakness, cramps, and convulsions
Term
Pheochromocytoma
Definition
a rare, benign tumor of the adrenal gland that causes too much release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
Cushing's Syndrome
Definition
caused by prolong exposure to high levels of cortisol; symptoms include a rounded red "moon" face; can be caused by the overproduction of cortisol or by the prolonged use of corticosteroids
Term
Gynecomastia
Definition
the condition of excessive mammary development in males
Term
Radioactive Iodine Uptake Test (RAIU)
Definition
uses radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid function; the amount of radioactivity in the thyroid is measured 6 to 24 hours later
Term
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Assay
Definition
a diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of thyroid stimulating hormone. used to detect abnormal thyroid activity resulting from excessive pituitary stimulation
Term
Thyroid Scan
Definition
measures the thyroid function
Term
Fasting Blood Sugar Test
Definition
measures the glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8 to 12 hours. used to screen for diabetes; also used to monitor treatment for the condition
Term
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Definition
performed to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and to aid in diagnosing hypoglycemia
Term
Home Blood Glucose Monitoring
Definition
measures the current glucose level, requires a drop of blood; performed by the patient
Term
Hemoglobin A1c Testing
Definition
a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3 to 4 months
Term
Fructosamine Test
Definition
Measures the average glucose levels over the previous 3 weeks
Term
Human Growth Hormone
Definition
Synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply is insufficient for normal growth
Term
Antithyroid Drug
Definition
a medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid glands
Term
Radioactive Iodine Treatment (RAI)
Definition
the oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells
Term
Lobectomy
Definition
the surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland; this term can be used on other organ as well
Term
Synthetic Thyroid Hormones
Definition
administered to replace lost thyroid function
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