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Chapter 13 Vocab
Chapter 13 Vocab
12
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/27/2012

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Term
Autosomes
Definition
Any eukaryotic chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; autosomes are present in the same number and kind in both males and females of the species.
Term
Sex Chromosome
Definition
A chromosome that is related to sex; in humans, the sex chromosomes are the X and Y chromosomes.
Term
SRY Gene
Definition
 the sex-determining region Y protein which initiates male sex determination. Mutations in this gene give rise to XY females with gonadal dysgenesis
Term
X-linked trait
Definition
A trait determined by a gene carried on the X chromosome and absent on the Y chromosome.
Term
X- inactivation
Definition
a process by which one of the two copies of the X chromosome present in female mammals is inactivated. The inactive X chromosome is silenced by it being packaged in such a way that it has a transcriptionally inactive structure called heterochromatin.
Term
Barr Body
Definition
A deeply staining structure, seen in the interphase nucleus of a cell of an individual with more than one X chromosome, that is a condensed and inactivated X. Only one X remains active in each cell after early embryogenesis.
Term
Translocation
Definition
the interchange of chromosomes segments between nonhomologous chromosomes.
Term
    Aneuploidy
Definition
The condition in an organism whose cells have lost or gained a chromosome; Down syndrom, which results from an extra copy of human chromosome 21 is an example of aneuploidy in humans.
Term
Nondisjunction
Definition
The failure of homologues or sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or meiosis, resulting in an aneuploid cell or gamete.
Term
Polyploidy
Definition
Condition in which one or more entire sets of chromosomes is added to the diploid genome.
Term
Amniocentesis
Definition
Indirect examination of a fetus by tests on cell cultures grown from fetal cells obtained from a sample of the amniotic fluid or tests on the fluid itself.
Term
Chorionic Villi Sampling
Definition
A technique in which fetal cells are sampled from the chorion of the placenta rather than from the amniotic fluid; this less invasive technique can be used earlier in pregnancey than amniocentesis.
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