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Definition
| the viewpoint from the field of medicine that psychological disorders have a biological basis and can be classified into discrete categories just as physical diseases are |
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| the process of distinguishing one disorder from another |
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| the initial cause that led to the development of the disorder |
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| a prediction about the likely course o a disorder |
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| How can you differentiate disordered from normal behavior? |
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Definition
the terms of the statistical frequency of disordered behavior in the general population
1. is atypical
2. violates cultural norms
3. is maladaptive
4. involves personal distress |
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| a psychological disorder in which a slave had an uncontrollable urge to escape from bondage |
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| disorder in which a slave was disobedient to her or his owners |
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| diagnoses of psychological disorders of what behaviors cross the bounds of normality |
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| a pattern of atypical behavior that results in personal distress or significant impairment in a person's social or occupational functioning |
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| psychodynamic perspective |
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Definition
| asserts that disordered behavior, like normal behavior, is not freely chosen; rather, it is controlled by unconscious forces that have been largely shaped by childhood experiences |
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| formed from the idea of how the unconscious mind shapes people's everyday actions |
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| assumes that disordered behavior is caused by readily identifiable factors in the person's environment and is the product of learning |
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| holds that ineffective or inaccurate thinking is the root cause of mental illness |
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| "the evil eye": fitful sleep, unexplained crying, diarrhea, vomiting, and fever |
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| disorder only found among the Arctic and sub-Arctic Eskimos which involves an abrupt break with reality, violence, and hyperexcitability, followed by seizures and coma |
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| psychological disorders found only in a few cultural groups |
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| includes the neuroscience and evolutionary perspectives |
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| a predisposition to a given disorder (diathesis) that combines with environmental stressors to trigger a psychological disorder |
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| an underlying vulnerability or predisposition that may be caused by genetic inheritance, biological processes, or early learning experiences |
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Definition
| an attribute that serves to discredit a person in the eyes of others |
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Term
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) |
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Definition
| the manual of psychological disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association and used for descriptive |
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| descriptive classification system |
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Definition
| a classification system which is not based on a particular theory concerning what causes psychological disorders |
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| Two risks in using diagnostic labels |
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Definition
1. mental health professionals may become biased in interpreting normal behavior as disordered in persons labeled mentally ill
2. labeled individuals may be stigmatized by others and subject to discrimination |
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| benefits of using diagnostic labels |
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Definition
| diagnostic labels communicate valuable information, including possible causes of the disorder, its likely course, and possible treatment |
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Definition
| disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behavior |
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| an anxiety disorder characterized by episodes of intense fear and dread that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly |
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Definition
| a fear of going out to public or open spaces |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by strong irrational fears of specific objects or situations |
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Definition
| involve fear and avoidance of particular objects and situations, such as heights, animals, enclosed spaces, blood, and automobile or air travel |
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Definition
| involve fear of being negatively evaluated by others or acting in ways that are embarrassing or humiliating |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by a constant state of moderate anxiety |
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| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive, unwanted, and distressing actions and/or thoughts |
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Term
| post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| an anxiety disorder characterized by flashbacks and recurrent thoughts of life-threatening or other traumatic events |
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Definition
| repetitive actions or behaviors that cause distress or interfere significantly with ongoing activity |
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Definition
| a brain region located below the cerebral cortex which, if the neural structure is malfunctioning can lead to obsessions |
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Definition
| the neural structure in the basal ganglia which if malfunctioning can lead to obsessions, if working, terminates recurrent thoughts before they become obsessions |
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| psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes that cause significant disruption in daily functioning |
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Definition
| a mood disorder characterized by extreme and persistent negative moods and the inability to experience pleasure from activities previously enjoyed |
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Definition
| chronic low-level depression lasting more than 2 years (average duration is about 5-10 years) |
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Definition
| slowed thinking and acting (often connected with depression) |
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Definition
| an excessively elated, active emotional state |
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| bipolar disorder (previously called manic depression) |
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Definition
| a mood disorder characterized by swings between the emotional extremes of mania and depression |
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Definition
| individuals who experience mild manic and depressive symptoms that persist for a long time |
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| seasonal affective disorder (SAD) |
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Definition
| a subtype of depression characterized by depressive symptoms during the winter months, when daylight hours are reduced |
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Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by disruptions in consciousness, memory, sense of identity, or perception |
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Definition
| a dissociative disorder characterized by a sudden loss of memory of one's identity and other personal information |
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Definition
| a dissociative disorder characterized by a sudden departure from home or work, combined with loss of memory of identity and the assumption of a new identity |
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Term
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
(aka multiple personality disorder) |
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Definition
| a dissociative disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities that take turns controlling the person's behavior |
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Definition
| significant aspects of experience are kept separate in consciousness and memory |
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Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by severe impairment in thinking, such as hallucinations, delusions, or loose associations |
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Term
| positive symptoms of schizophrenia |
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Definition
| hallucinations, delusions, and loose associations; because they are symptoms that do not typically occur in other people |
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Definition
| emotional unresponsiveness |
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Definition
| refers to cases in which the most prominent symptoms are hallucinations and delusions |
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| disorganized schizophrenia |
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Definition
| rare cases whose most prominent symptoms are a variety of unrelated hallucinations and delusions, incoherent speech, and strange facial grimaces |
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Definition
| cases in which the most prominent symptom is some extreme level of motor activity |
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Term
| undifferentiated schizophrenia |
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Definition
| when a patient previously diagnosed into one of the other subtypes is reclassified |
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Term
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Definition
| have had prior episodes of any of the previously mentioned subtypes of schizophrenia but are not currently experiencing the major symptoms of the disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| the fluid-filled brain cavities which are shown as enlarged in brain scans of some schizophrenic patients |
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| downward social drift hypothesis |
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Definition
| contends that schizophrenia develops at equal rates across the social classes, but once the disorder develops, those afflicted descend into poverty |
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Definition
| psychological disorders involving some body symptom, even though there is no actual physical cause of the symptom |
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Definition
| a somatoform disorder characterized by a specific sensory or motor symptom that has a psychological rather than a physical basis |
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Definition
| a somatoform disorder characterized by a series of numerous physical complaints that have a psychological rather than a physical basis |
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Definition
| conversion disorder in which the body symptom for which there is no physical basis is pain |
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Definition
| they deliberately produce or misreport symptoms in order to gain some clear external incentive |
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Definition
| a somatoform disorder characterized by excessive preoccupation with or fear of developing some physical condition |
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Definition
| a somatoform disorder characterized by preoccupation with an imaginedphysical defect that causes significant distress or interferes with daily functioning |
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Definition
| psychological disorders characterized by general styles of living that are ineffective and that lead to problems |
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder (psychopathy) |
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Definition
| a personality disorder characterized by a persisten pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others |
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