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A researcher focuses on the role of previous learning experiences and on the role of rewards and punishments in shaping human behavior. Which approach to psychology is this researcher using? |
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| A psychologist is attempting to understand why certain physical characteristics are rated as attractive. The psychologist explains that certain characteristics have been historically adaptive, and thus are considered attractive. This explanation is consistent with which of the following approaches? |
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| The evolutionary approach |
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| What approach would explain depression in terms of disordered thinking? |
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Which of the following would a sociocultural psychologist be likely to study?
- the impact of media messages on women's body image
- the way in which neurotransmitters are implicated in the development of eating disorders
- the impact of thinking patterns on weight management
- the benefits of exercise in preventing obesity
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| The impact of media messages on women's body image. |
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| Why is psychology considered a science? |
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Definition
| It focuses on observation, drawing conclusions, and prediction. |
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| From where did psychology emerge? |
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The work of wilhelm Wundt, Early philosophical thought, The natural science.
ALL OF THE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT. |
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A researcher interested in the way in which our sense of smell works would likely be associated with which of the following areas of specialization? |
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Which of the following areas of specialization would focus on the ways in which stress is related to cancer remission?
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- Cognitive psychology
- Community psychology
- Health psychology
- Behavioral neuroscience
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If a researcher is interested in the population of college students at a large state university, which of the following would provide him or her with a random sample? |
- Randoming approaching students in the student union
- Randoming selecting three classrooms and including all the students in thsoe classrooms in the sample.
- Randomly selecting students from a listing of every student in the university.
- Randomly selecting students from the incoming class.
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| Randoming selecting students from a listing of every student in the university. |
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A researcher is interested in the racial identity development of African American women. She asks 200 African American women about their racial identity. What is the population?
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Definition
| All African American women |
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A researcher has designed a study to test the effects of different types of individual psychotherapy on people's levels of depression. She has randomly assigned people to one of three groups: a cognitive-behavioral treatment group, a psychodynamic treatment group, or a no-treatment control group. She then measures people's level of depression after the treatment. Which of the following statements is true?
- The treatment group is the dependent variable; depression is the independent variable.
- Depression is the dependent variable; the treatment group is the independent variable.
- Depression is the dependent variable; cognitive-behavioral treatment is the independent variable.
- Cognitive-behavioral treatment is the dependent variable; depression is the independent variable.
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Definition
| Depression is the dependent variable; the treatment group is the independent variable. |
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A psychologist examines fathers and their children at a picnic. She observes the number of times fathers engage in cooperative play with their children. This study is an example of |
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A market-research firm calls you on the phone and asks you a series of questions about your attitudes toward exercise. The market-research firm is conducting a(n) |
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Definition
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| A double-blind study controls for: |
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Definition
| Experimenter and participant bias |
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Conducting an in-depth interview of a single person with a rare illness is an example of
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A researcher obtained a correlation coefficient of -.65 for the relationship between job satisfaction and experiences of discrimination in the workplace. What does this correlation coefficient mean? |
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Definition
| People who experienced more discrimination were less likely to be satisfied with their job. |
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Term
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A school psychologist is interested in studying the effectiveness of a reading improvement program. He has randomly assigned participants to one of two groups. The first group receives training in phonics, while the second group is put on a waiting list and receives no training. What is the control group? |
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Definition
| The group that received no training |
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Term
Which of the following should be adhered to in conducting ethical research?
- Informed consent
- Debriefing
- Confidentiality
- All of the answers are correct
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Definition
Informed consent, Debriefing, Confidentiality
ALL OF THE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT |
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| How can causality be demonstrated? |
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Definition
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Which of the following is an advantage of laboratory studies?
- Ecological validity
- Lack of participant bias
- Control of extraneous variables
- Observation in a naturalistic setting
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Definition
| Control of extraneous variables |
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An experimenter is interested in determining if there are differences in happiness, life satisfaction, and optimism between people who have been given a self-help book to read versus those who have been given a sports article to read. What is the independent variable?
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| Which correlation indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? |
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[image]
A research study that assesses participants in a laboratory setting in February, May, and August is an example of |
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Researchers interested in health behavior postulate that people's decisions about their health are based on attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions. This is an example of |
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| Nerves that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body are called |
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Your brain knows that you have stubbed your tow because
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Definition
| Afferent nerves transfer that informaiton to the brain |
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| Why does chronic stress lower immune system functioning? |
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| It keeps the sympathetic nervous system active, thus preventing the parasympathetic nervous system from doing its job. |
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Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving information?
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Definition
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| Multiple sclerosis is caused by lesions on: |
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Definition
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| The purpose of myelin is to: |
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Definition
| Insulate axons to increase the speed of electrical impulses |
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| _____ allow ions to enter the neural cell. |
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[image]
When a neuron is resting, the inside of the cell membrane is _____ and the outside of the cell membrane is _____. |
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When a neuron is depolarized, the inside of the cell membrane is ____ and the outside of the cell membrane is ____. |
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| The structures at the end of the axon are called |
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| High levels of ______ are associated with schizophrenia. |
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Which neurotransmitter is most associated with love and bonding?
- Serotonin
- Oxytocin
- Endorphins
- Norepinephrine
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What is the difference between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)? |
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Definition
| MRI does not allow researchers to examine the brain in action, while fMRI does. |
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Term
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Which lobe of the cerebral cortex responds to visual stimuli? |
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Definition
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| Which lobe of the cerebral cortex responds to auditory stimuli? |
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[image]
Stem cells are unique because |
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Definition
| They can develop into almost any type of cell. |
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Term
[image]
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is associated with personality? |
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| Which part of the brain acts as a central relay station? |
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Definition
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| The somatosensory cortex is located in which area of the brain? |
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Broca's area plays an important role in _____, while Wernicke's area plays an important role in _____. |
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Definition
| Speech production; Speech comprehension |
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Term
[image]
The corpus callosum is responsible for |
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Definition
| Relaying information between the right and left hemispheres |
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Term
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Which of the following is known as "the master gland"?
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- Adernal gland
- Thyroid
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
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Definition
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Which statement about brain damage is TRUE?
- Recovery from brain damage is much easier for adults than for infacts or children.
- When association cortex is damaged, the degree of function loss is based primarily on the extent of the damage rather than on the location of the damage.
- Because new neurons can never be generated, complete recovery from brain damage is impossible.
- Brain damage can be assessed using MRI, but not using PET scans.
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Definition
| When association cortex is damaged, the degree of function loss is based primarily on the extent of the damage rather than on the location of the damage. |
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Term
| _____ is to bottom-up processing as _____ is to top-down processing. |
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Definition
| One sense inducing an experience in another sense. |
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Term
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The absolute threshold is the level at which someone can detect a stimulus ____ percent of the time
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Individuals can be affected by stimuli that are presented to them so quickly that they are not able to consciously perceive the stimuli. This phenomenon is known as
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People tend to have difficulty naming the color in which a word is printed when the word itself refers to a different color. This finding is called
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Definition
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Term
[image]
Weber's law refers to: |
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Definition
| Two stimuli differing by the same percentage in order to be perceived as different |
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Term
| Where are receptor cells for smell located? |
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Definition
| On the olfactory epithelium |
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Term
| The famous quote "don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes," usually attributed to William Prescott, refers to which structure of the eye? |
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Definition
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Term
| The eye bends light through the ____, which does the majority of the bending of the light, and the _____, which fine tunes the light. |
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Definition
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Term
| The part of the eye onto which visual information is projected is the |
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Definition
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Definition
| Transmits visual information from the left side of the retina to the right lobe of the occipital cortex and vice versa. |
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Which statement about pain is TRUE?
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- Unlike other forms of perception, the perception of pain is not affected by culture.
- Compared to receptors for temperature and touch, pain receptors have a higher threshold for firing.
- The fast pathway for pain goes through the limbic system.
- Directing one's attention to pain tends to make the pain dissipate faster.
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Definition
| Compared to receptors for temperature and touch, pain receptors have a higher threshold for firing. |
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Term
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If you look at the color green for an extended period of time and then look away, you will see an afterimage of red. Which theory accounts for this phenomenon?
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Definition
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Term
| Depth perception is possible because of |
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Definition
Binocular cues, Monocular cues, Texture of objects,
ALL OF THE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT |
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A sound wave's frequency translates into our perception of ____, while a sound wave's amplitude translates into our perception of _____.
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Definition
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Which of the following statements is correct?
- Sound waves reach the pinna first, then the eardrum, then the oval window.
- Sound waves reach the cochlea first, then the eardrum, then the hammer.
- Sound waves reach the hammer first, then the cochlea, then the pinna.
- Sound waves reach the pinna first, then the cochlea, then the ear drum.
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Definition
| Sound waves reach the pinna first, then the eardrum, then the oval window. |
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Term
| We are able to determine from where a sound is coming because of |
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Definition
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| The back of the tongue is most sensitive to |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following affect our perception?
- The stimuli
- Individual physiological differences
- Culture
- All of the answers are correct
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Definition
The stimuli, Individual phsiological differences, Culture,
ALL OF THE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT. |
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Term
| Smells can often bring up emotional memories because the neural pathways for smell go through |
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Definition
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Term
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In order to determine your _____, you might slowly turn up the volume on the stereo one decibel at a time until you could just hear it. |
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Definition
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Term
Temira tells her roommate Carmella that she recently read that people who paint their rooms blue get better grades. Carmella knows that painting their room will be a lot of work. Therefore, she asks Temira where she got her information and what evidence her sources had for their conclusion. She also wonders if there might not be another reason that people with blue rooms have higher grades—for example, maybe smart people prefer the color blue. What skill is Carmella using? |
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| While reading a magazine, Jordan sees an advertisement that claims that a new weight loss pill will help anyone lose weight without exercising. The advertisement includes a picture of a woman when she was obese and another picture of her looking thin and fit. Though the pictures are very compelling, Jordan knows that she needs to examine advertisements critically. Which of the following questions best represents critical thinking? |
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Definition
| Are there other possible explanations for the woman's weight loss, other than the pill being advertised? |
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Term
| After encountering a number of patients who had physical problems without any apparent physical cause, Sigmund Freud reasoned that the causes must be psychological and beyond his patients' conscious awareness. For example, one of his patients, a woman named Anna O., sometimes developed paralysis in her limbs even though there was nothing physically wrong with her. Based on his observations, Freud eventually developed a theory he called psychoanalysis. What was Freud actually analyzing? |
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Definition
| Internal, mostly unconscious psychological forces |
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Term
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Dr. Mateo believes that every child is born a "blank slate." Children's early environments shape their personalities, though the children may be continually affected by their environments as they grow. Everything comes down to a simple principle in Dr. Mateo's mind: If our behaviors are followed by satisfying consequences, we will repeat them, and if the consequences are unsatisfying, we won't repeat them. Dr. Mateo is probably a ___________________ therapist.
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| Dewayne is taking a psychology class. He isn't really interested in discussions about the unconscious, childhood influences, or the way different structures in the brain work. Instead, he is interested in the purpose of certain psychological mechanisms. For example, he wonders why we feel disgusted by a food that made us sick or why some emotions are the same all over the world and others aren't. Dewayne is thinking most like a |
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Paxton has difficulty with dating. Whenever his friends point out a woman they think he should approach, he finds himself thinking about how she will probably reject him. As a result, he rarely asks anyone out, and he complains to his friends that women don't like "nice guys." A cognitive psychologist would probably say that Paxton should
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Definition
| Examine his thoughts and actions to see what keeps him stuck in this pattern. |
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Term
[image]
Olivia and Hannah are talking about dreaming one day after their psychology class. Most mornings Olivia doesn't remember any of her dreams, but occasionally she has vivid recollections when she wakes. Hannah says she has the same experience and wonders why. When they talk to friends about the phenomenon, they notice a pattern related to the stress of the previous day. They verbalize this pattern as, "If someone feels stressed out over something one day, then she is more likely to remember her dreams the following day." Olivia and Hannah have just formed a |
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Zhuang is trying to decide which major he should choose in college. His older brother notes that Zhuang is always asking questions, so maybe he should become a scientist. If Zhuang asks the same kinds of questions that successful scientists ask, he is probably asking things like:
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Definition
| Why? How do you know? Where's your evidence? Is there another explanation? |
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| Hailie is writing a psychology research paper. She has collected research from the past three decades, which her professor says is fine. What is confusing for Hailie is that her articles say different things. She finally asks you why all of the research has been published if some of it is obviously wrong. You tell her that |
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Definition
| Part of the scientific process is testing and retesting a theory, to see if everyone gets the same results each time; if they don't, the research may not agree. |
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Term
| For her Experimental Psychology class, Kristen has developed the hypothesis that "intelligent people are more stressed out." Kristen's teacher tells her she needs to use operational definitions for her variables. This means that she needs to |
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Definition
| Define which behaviors or qualities differentiate one person's "intelligence" from the next person's, and define the behaviors she associates with "stressed out." |
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Term
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Gary's son Sam is learning to drive. Each night, Gary takes Sam out in the family car for driving lessons. Gary notices that Sam improves more in lessons in which Gary is extremely critical. In fact, more critical Gary is, the more Sam improves. After Sam gets his driver's license, Gary's wife Chrissy tells him that every time Gary was critical of Sam, she took him out so he could improve before his father's next lesson. What was the problem with Gary's initial interpretation of Sam's improvement?
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Definition
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| Stephanie conducts an experiment to learn if brunettes have more fun. She has three brunette female friends and three blonde female friends go to the same party and record how many times they are asked to dance. In her experiment, Stephanie has defined her ____________ as the number of times the friends were asked to dance, and her ____________ as hair color. |
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Definition
| Dependent variable; independent variable |
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Term
| Dr. McCallum's class is learning about genes. He explains that not all of the information contained in our genes is used, either because the environment doesn't trigger certain tendencies, or because another genetic tendency took precedence. The genetic information that IS active in a particular person is expressed through observable characteristics. We call these characteristics |
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| Little Billy is terrified! He just heard a noise in his room, and he is sure that this means there are monsters coming to get him. Which part of Billy's nervous system will prepare him for fight or flight? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
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Liam's father has blue eyes, but Liam has brown eyes, like his mother. As an adult, Liam marries a woman with blue eyes, and now they are expecting their first baby. Is it possible for the child to be born with blue eyes? |
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Definition
| Yes. Liam may carry the recessive gene for blue eyes |
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Term
| Tahki and Waneta are identical twins, but they were separated at birth and raised in different countries. When they meet as adults, they talk about all the ways in which they are the same, but also the ways in which they are different. Compared to identical twins that have been raised together, Tahki and Waneta probably |
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Definition
| Have fewer characteristics in common than most twins because their environments were different while they were growing up |
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Term
| Researchers have determined that bipolar disorder is more heritable than a major depressive disorder. They found that the more closely related family members are to someone with bipolar disorder, the more likely they are to have bipolar disorder themselves. The correlation is not as strong with major depressive disorders. These types of researchers are referred to as |
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[image]
Eli is a researcher studying brain functioning. He takes a rat and destroys a portion of the rat's brain. Later, he examines the rat's behavior to see which functions are now impaired. Which method is Eli using to study the brain? |
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Individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) find it very difficult to focus their attention on any one thing. They are easily distracted by outside stimuli that most people could easily ignore. This is because people with ADHD have lower levels of activity in their
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Definition
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When Ephraim was very young, he suffered brain damage. Fortunately, his brain was able to adapt, and the axons of some of his functioning neurons grew new branches near the damaged cells. This process is known as
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| Chi-May has just given birth and is now holding her baby for the first time. She feels a powerful sense of bonding with her new son. Which hormone is likely responsible for this feeling? |
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Term
| Ari is participating in a research study. The researchers have asked him to complete some math problems; while he does this, the researchers are conducting a positron emission tomography (PET) scan. What is this test doing? |
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Definition
| Measuring the levels of glucose in various parts of Ari's brain |
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Term
| Alessandra's family has always had at least one pet, so she is comfortable around dogs. Her friend Tyra, however, was bitten by a dog a few years ago and is now afraid of all dogs. While Alessandra and Tyra are walking to school, they are approached by a dog that is wagging its tail. Alessandra bends down to pet the dog, but Tyra backs up because she is afraid. Both girls are ________________ the same dog, but the way each experiences or ____________ the dog is different. |
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Term
[image]
Michelle turns off all her downstairs lights and starts up the steps, only to trip over her cat, which she cannot see in the dark. The cat wonders why Michelle steps on her at night but not during the day—after all, the cat can see just fine. Michelle and her cat have different ___________________ for light. |
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Term
[image]
There is a short in the light in Holden's office, so it makes a soft but constant, high-pitched sound. Maintenance workers have not been able to fix the problem. When Travis walks into Holden's office, he says, "How can you stand that awful noise?" Holden spends a moment listening, and then says, "I don't even hear it anymore." Holden has been exposed to the sound so long that he has experienced |
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| Isaac is in a room that is almost completely dark. He notices while lying in bed that if he tries to focus on the faint little red light on the fire detector, it seems to disappear. When he asks his mother why this happens, she explains that the eye receptors that understand color do not function well in very dim light. To which receptors is she referring? |
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Term
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[image]
Like 7 percent of the male population, Lionel is red-green color blind. Red-green color blindness is caused by
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Definition
| A deficiency in one of the three types of cones. |
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Term
| Tovah is trying to put together a jigsaw puzzle. Since she has no idea what the completed picture is supposed to be, she has to rely on the shapes and colors of the individual pieces to create and understand the "whole picture." We can refer to Tovah's efforts to combine individual elements of the puzzle into a unified whole as |
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Using the image on the box, Tovah is putting together a jigsaw puzzle. The picture of the completed puzzle allows her to guess how and where pieces fit. We can refer to Tovah's interpretation of individual pieces in light of the expectation created by the box picture as
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Definition
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[image]
When we are reading, the distance of each letter from those around it affects which word we see. For example, SCARCITY means something different from SCAR CITY. THERAPIST is different from THE RAPIST and PROSECUTE is different from PROSE CUTE. Which Gestalt principle are we using to decide which letters to consider part of full words? |
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[image]
A rock band recently covered (re-made) a classic country song. Though the band uses different kinds of instruments and a different tempo, Colby still recognizes it due to |
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Definition
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[image]
Max is a three-year-old boy who delights in spinning around and around until he gets dizzy and falls over. Why does he get so dizzy when he spins like that? |
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Definition
| The fluid in his semicricular canals takes longer to stop moving than he does. |
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