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chapter 13, imaging
Foundations of sport and exercise psychology
58
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
11/08/2016

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Term
imagery
Definition
a form of stimulation
mental rehearsal
Imagery is a form of stimulation that involves recalling from memory, pieces of information stored from experience and shaping those pieces into meaningful images.
The kinesthetic sense is particularly important for athletes.
Term
VMBR
Definition
Visual Motor Behavior Rehearsal
Term
imagery effectiveness depends on several factors.
Definition
WHERE do athletes use imagery? More in competition than in training. More in competition.
When do athletes use imagery? Use imagery before, during, and after practice: outside of practice; before, during or after competition; and for injury rehabilitation;
WHY do athletes use imagery? For motivational and cognitive functions
Term
Where do athletes use imagery?
Definition
More in competition than in training. More in competition.
W
Term
When do athletes use imagery?
Definition
Use imagery before, during, and after practice: outside of practice; before, during or after competition; and for injury rehabilitation;
Term
Why do athletes use imagery?
Definition
For motivational and cognitive functions
Term
Imagery involves
Definition
creating or re-creating an experience in your mind.
Term
What are the senses used in imagery?
Definition
visual kinesthetic auditory tactile olfactory
Term
Besides the senses what does imagery contain?
Definition
moods and emotions
Term
functions of imagery
Definition
motivational and cognitive
Term
motivational specific (MS)
Definition
goal oriented .. winning the gold
Term
motivational general (MG)
Definition
arousal and or relaxation
Term
cognitive imagery specific
Cognitive specific (CS)
Definition
skills like imaging performing on the balance beam perfectly or something like the perfect serve in tennis
Term
cognitive general
Definition
imaging strategy to win
Term
What is kinesthetic sense
Definition
feeling the body move in different positions.. see the shots and feel them in your hands.
Term
Recreating ____ ___ ___ through imagery can help control emotional states.
Definition
emotion thoughts confidence
Term
5 Five key characteristics of the imagery
Definition
1 modality = senses used 2 Perspective = visual 1st person internal or 3rd person external
3 angle = above, behind front side 4 Agency = the author of the behavior being imaged me or you
5 deliberation deliberate or spontaneous (triggered).
Term
Psychological intervention packages
Definition
self talk relaxation
concentration training imagery visuomotor behavior
VMBR combining relaxation with imagery and neuromuscular activity of muscles.
Term
how it is known that imagery works?
Definition
anecdotal statement from elite athletes,
multiple base-line studies
psychological intervention packages (using a variety of interventions like self talk, relaxations, concentration training)
specific experiments
Term
Where do athletes use imaging the most?
Definition
more in competition than training.
Use it more for performance enhancement… especially during pre-competition .
Term
Content of imaging is
Definition
what they image
Term
Function of imaging is
Definition
why they image
Term
MS motivational-specific
visualize is
Definition
specific goals and behaviors like winning
Term
Imaging performing well to keep confident is _____
Definition
MF-M = mental toughness psych up M=mastery
Term
motivational general Mg-A
Definition
arousal (Mg-A)
Term
3 three types of motivational imagery
Definition
MS motivation specific = winning..
best at confidence and focus
MG motivation general
MG-A motivation arousal
MG-M motivational general- mastery
Term
The 4 four types of imagery:
Definition
visual, kinesthetic, auditory olfactory
(there is also tactile)
Term
What are the prospectives of imagery?
Definition
internal and external
Term
Elite athletes favor this perspective
Definition
internal perspective…. but they use both
Term
performance of skill that depend on form will usually be from the ____perspective.
Definition
external
Term
_____used for anticipation and perception
Definition
Internal
Term
______ for closed
________for open (Time pressured, changing
environment)
Definition
internal
external
Term
Controllability exercises
Definition
1 controlling performance see wrong then change to right
2 controlling performance against tough opponent see a past foe image a strategy against foe.. see blowing up and feel it…use anxiety management to fix anxiety..and drain it away..
CONTROL what you see hear and feel in your imagery..
Term
A guideline on HOW to develop an imagery training PROGRAM to be part of daily routine
Definition
PETTLEP
physical + environment + task + timing learning + emotion + perspective.
Term
training programs. components to be considered
Definition
prerequisites personal info/ environment/
all that influence the 3 components related to structure and content…
content: sense modalities, perspective selection (in vs ex), timing (slow, fast, real) cognitive + motivational
Rehearsal routine when ow duration scheduling how often when pattern (simple or complex)
Enhancements = ways imaging training programs can be improved audio scripts modeling video
biofeedback cues triggers Evaluate what is working and not assessments
Term
3 components related to structure and content…
Definition
modalities, perspective, timing
Term
The Keys to effective Imagery
Definition
Vividness +
Controllabilithy
Term
Specific areas imagery can affect aspects of
Definition
performance
motor learning and performance task
strategies and problems solving goals
Motivation, self-confidence anxiety regulate, enhance, confidence mental warm up
Injury rehab pain management
Term
What are the 5 key components of the imagery process?
Definition
Modality, Angle, Agency, Deliberation, Perspective
Term
three uses of imagery and practical examples
Definition
1) cognitive general (using strategy)
2) cognitive specific (using skills)
3) motivational specific (ex. receiving a medal)
Term
compare and contrast
1) psychoneuromuscular theory
2) symbolic learning theory
3) bioinformational theory
4) triple code model
Definition
1 imagery and doing is similar
2 blueprint movements into symbolic components
3 stimulus proposition
-(ex. possibility of walking across the beam)
-describe particular stimulus features starting point
response propositions
4 ISM ---> Image, Somatic Response, and Meaning
Image:
Term
psychoneuromuscular theory is:
Definition
Vividly imagined events that produce an innervation in muscles that is similar to the innervation produced by physically practicing the movement
Term
symbolic learning theory
Definition
Imagery functions as a coding system to help individuals acquire movement patterns.
Term
psychoneuromuscular theory
Definition
research showing that electrical activity was present in skiers' legs as they imagined skiing down the slope provided support for
Term
symbolic learning theory
Definition
What theory was supported by the research literature showing that subjects using imagery performed consistently better on tasks that were cognitive than on those that were motoric in nature
Term
Triple code theory refers to what three parts of the image?
Definition
image itself, image meaning, somatic response to the image
Term
Athletes who incorporate all the senses into their image will score high on what aspect of imagery?
Definition
vividness
Term
Bioinformational theory states that images have two propositions called
Definition
response and stimulus propositions
Term
According to researcher Pavio, what are the two primary functions of imagery?
Definition
cognitive and motivational
Term
According to Pavio's work on the different functions of imagery, a person's imagery of staying relaxed under pressure would be an example of _________
Definition
motivational-specific imagery
Term
External imagery refers to viewing yourself from the perspective of ___________
Definition
an external observer.
Term
In a study comparing the use of visual and kinesthetic imagery in the learning of a skill, it was found that____
Definition
visual imagery produced better performance than kinesthetic imagery
Term
Psychological explanations for the effectiveness of imagery include a focus on___
Definition
a. building psychological skills
b. enhancing motivation
c. achieving optimal arousal and focus on task-relevant cues
Term
Exercise imagery has been shown to have several functions, including which of the following?
Definition
a. improving exercise technique
b. helping develop routines
c. enhancing self-concept
d. all of the above
*e. a and b
Term
Guillot and Collet proposed a model called the motor imagery integrative model to help guild imagery research and practice.. what 4 area did they say imagery could affect performance?
Definition
motor learning and performance.
strategies and problem solving.
Motivation, self-confidence, and anxiety.
Injury rehabilitation.
Term
what is the first step in setting up imagery training ?
Definition
evaluate the athletes's current level of imagery skills.
Term
Tips and guidelines for Implementing
an imagery training program
Definition
from a questionaire the player and coach can see which area to put into the daily training regimen.
practice in many settings.
Aim for relaxed cencntration.
Establish realistic expectations and sufficient motivation
Use vivid and controllable images
apply imagery to specific situation.
maintain positive focus
Use vidio and audio ..
include execution and outcome
image timing
Term
When to use imagery
Definition
anytime. one way is to schedule imagery systematically is to include it before and after each practice session.... limit to about 10 minutes.. Before and after competiton..during off season during breaks .. during personal time...when recovering from an injury
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