Term
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Definition
| Psychological conflict of middle childhood, which is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Judgments of their appearance, abilities, and behavior in relation to those of others. |
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Term
| Mastery-Oriented Attributions |
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Definition
Crediting their successes to ability—a characteristic they
can improve by trying hard and can count on when faced with new challenges. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability. When they succeed, they are likely to conclude that external factors, such as luck, are responsible. |
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Term
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Definition
| Encourages learned-helpless children to believe they can overcome failure by exerting more effort. |
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Term
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Definition
| They appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about an outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| The capacity to imagine what other people may be thinking and feeling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collectives that generate unique values and standards for behavior and a social structureof leaders and followers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to likability—the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of agemates, such as classmates, as a worthy social partner. |
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Term
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Definition
| Get many positive votes (are well-liked). |
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Term
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Definition
| Get many negative votes (are disliked). |
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Term
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Definition
Receive many votes, both positive and negative (are both
liked and disliked). |
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Term
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Definition
| Seldom mentioned, either positively or negatively. |
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Term
| Popular-Prosocial Children |
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Definition
| Combine academic and social competence. |
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Term
| Popular-Antisocial Children |
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Definition
| Includes “tough”boys—athletically skilled but poor students who cause trouble and defy adult authority—and relationally aggressive boys and girls who enhance their own status by ignoring, excluding, and spreading rumors about other children. |
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Term
| Rejected-Aggressive Children |
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Definition
Show high rates of conflict, physical and relational
aggression, and hyperactive, inattentive, and impulsive behavior. |
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Term
| Rejected-Withdrawn Children |
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Definition
| Passive and socially awkward. |
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Term
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Definition
Certain children become targets of verbal and physical
attacks or other forms of abuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of supervision in which they exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment-by-moment decision making. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of meetings between divorcing adults and a trained professional aimed at reducing family conflict, including legal battles over property division and child custody. |
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Term
| Blended (Reconstituted) Family |
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Definition
About 60 percent of divorced parents remarry within a few years. Others cohabit, or share a sexual relationship and a residence with a partner outside of marriage. Parent, step-
parent, and children form a new family structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Regularly look after themselves for some period of time during after-school hours. |
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Term
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Definition
About 5 percent of school-age children develop an intense,
unmanageable fear. |
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