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Definition
| Consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood |
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Definition
| Muscular pump that drives flow of blood through blood vessels. |
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Definition
| Conduits through which blood flows |
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Definition
| Fluid that circulates around the body, carrying materials to and from the cells |
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Term
| How many chambers does the heart consist of? |
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Definition
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Definition
| The two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood that returns to the heart |
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| The two lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and push blood away from the heart through the blood vessels |
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Definition
| Consists of the left atrium and the left ventricle |
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Definition
| Consists of the right atrium and the right ventricle |
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Definition
| A wall that separates the left and right side of the heart. |
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| The wider upper portion of the heart |
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Definition
| The narrower lower portion of the heart |
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| The system of blood vessels in the body |
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Definition
| Smallest blood vessels that serve as the site of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid. |
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Definition
| Largest blood vessels that transports blood directly from the heart to the organs |
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Definition
| Smaller branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries |
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Definition
| Blood vessels that carry blood from capillaries to veins |
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Definition
| Large blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart |
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Term
| Why is the cardiovascular system a closed system? |
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Definition
| Because blood moves from the heart into the vasculature and from the vasculature back to the heart |
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Term
| What happens to blood vessels as they move further away from the heart? |
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Definition
| They become more branched and smaller in size |
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Definition
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Term
| Red blood cells contain what protein? |
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Definition
| Hemoglobin which is a molecule that carries oxygen |
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Definition
| White blood cells which help the body defend against invading microorganisms |
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Definition
| Cell fragments which play a significant role in blood clotting |
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Definition
| Liquid portion of the blood that is made up of water containing dissolved proteins, electrolytes and other solutes. |
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Term
| What two divisions make up the circulatory system? |
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Definition
| The pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit |
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Term
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Definition
| Comprises all the blood vessels within the lungs as well as those connecting the lungs to the heart. Blood is supplied to the pulmonary circuit by the right heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Encompasses the blood vessels that don't belong to the pulmonary circuit. Blood is supplied to the systemic circuit by the left heart |
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Definition
| Dense networks of capillaries where exchange of gases takes place. Found within the Circulatory system. |
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Definition
| Oxygen moves into the blood from air in the lungs while carbon dioxide leaves the blood. Blood that leaves the pulmonary capillaries is oxygenated blood |
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Definition
| Located in all organs and tissues besides the lungs. Oxygen moves out of the blood and carbon dioxide enters due to the cells that consume oxygen and generate carbon dioxide. Blood leaving the systemic capillaries is deoxygenated blood |
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Definition
| Major artery whose branches carry blood to capillary beds of all organs and tissues in the systemic circuit. |
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Definition
Two large veins that carry blood into the right atrium.
Superior vena cavae carries blood from parts of the body above the diaphragm.
Inferior vena cavae carries blood from parts of the body below the diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs |
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Definition
| Carries oxygenated blood to the left atrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood flow in the systemic circuit |
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Term
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Definition
| Arteries which branch off the aorta near its base and run through the heart muscle. Blood in the coronary arteries provide the heart muscle with most of its nourishment. |
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Term
| How does blood flow parallel in the vasculature? |
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Definition
| Left to right-Aorta-Arteries-Arterioles-Capillaries-Venules-Veins |
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Term
| What are the heart capillaries supplied by? |
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Definition
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Definition
| A valve that separates the atrium and the ventricle on each side of the heart. Allows blood to flow from the atrium to the ventricle. AV valves open or close in response to cyclic pressure that occurs with every heart beat. |
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Term
| When atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure what occurs to the AV valves? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| AV valve on the left that consists of two flaps of connective tissue |
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Definition
| Another name for the bicuspid valve |
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Definition
| The right AV valve that has three cusps. |
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Definition
| Strands of connective tissue that hold valve cusps in place |
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Definition
| Valves found between the ventricles and arteries. |
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Definition
| Located between the left ventricle and the aorta |
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Term
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Definition
| Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk |
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Term
| Aortic and pulmonary valves open when... |
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Definition
| Ventricular pressure becomes lower than arterial pressure (when ventricles contract) |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to generate own rhythm |
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Term
| What are the two types of autorhythmic cells in the heart? |
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Definition
| Pacemaker cells and conduction fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| Initiate action potentials and initiate heart rhythm |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmit action potentials through the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists pacemaker cells and conduction fibers |
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Term
| Sinoatrial Node (SA node) |
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Definition
| A region in the wall of the upper right atrium where pacemaker cells are concentrated. Determines the heart rate. |
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Term
| Atrioventricular Node (AV node) |
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Definition
| Part of the conduction system of the heart located near the tricuspid valve |
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Term
| What is the pacemaker of the heart? |
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Definition
| The SA node because it has the fastest rate of spontaneous depolarization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gap junctions between adjacent muscle fibers that pass electrical current |
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Term
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Definition
| Systems of conduction fibers that run through the walls of the atria. |
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Term
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Definition
| Action potential is delayed by about 0.1 seconds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atrioventricular bundle located in the interventricular septum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Left and right bundles which conduct impulses to the left and right ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| Extensive network of branches that spread through the ventricular myocardium from the apex upwards towards the valves. |
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Term
| Why does the AV node rarely initiate contraction? |
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Definition
1. Impulses that pass through the AV node cause it to go into a refractory period.
2. The SA node has a higher frequency of action potentials |
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Term
| Electrocardiogram (ECG)(EKG) |
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Definition
| Noninvasive means of monitoring the electrical activity of the heart. |
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Term
| How are electrical measurements recorded using an ECG? |
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Definition
| From the data provided by electrodes placed on the skin |
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Term
| What serves as the conductor when using an ECG? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When recording and ECG, electrodes are placed on an imaginary equilateral triangle surrounding the heart. Corners of the triangle are the right arm, left arm and left leg. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific pairs of electrodes in which one electrode is designated as the positive electrode and the other is the negative electrode. Each led detects the difference in surface electrical potential between the positive and negative electrodes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Detects potential at the left arm minus that at the right arm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Detects potential at the left leg minus that at the right arm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Detects potential at the left leg minus that at the left arm |
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Term
| What are the three characteristic waveforms of an ECG? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An upward deflection that is due to atrial depolarization. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of sharp upward and downward deflections due to ventricular depolarization |
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Term
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Definition
| An upward deflection that is caused by ventricular contractile cell action potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| Q-T interval or the time form the onset of the QRS complez to the end of the T wave. Time of ventricles contracting |
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Term
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Definition
| T-Q segment is the time from the end if the T wave to the beginning of the QRS complex. Time of the ventricles relaxing |
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Term
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Definition
| Time between heart beats. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pace generated by SA node |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Slowed conduction through the AV node |
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Term
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Definition
| Slowed and sometimes stopped conduction through the AV node. Absence of QRS complex and T wave |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete loss of conduction through the AV node |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of coordination of electrical activity in the heart. Ventricular muscle depolarize independently |
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Term
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Definition
| All of the events associated with the flow of blood through the heart during a single complete heartbeat. |
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Term
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Definition
| The period of ventricular contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| The period of ventricular relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| Return of blood from veins to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood exiting the heart and entering the ventricle |
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Term
| Isovolumetric Contraction |
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Definition
| Ventricles are contracting and the volume of blood in them remains constant |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood exits the ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| Ventricles are relaxing and volume of blood in them remains constant. |
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Term
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Definition
| When aortic pressure reaches a minimum |
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Term
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Definition
| When aortic pressure reaches a maximum |
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Term
| Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) |
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Definition
| The average aortic pressure occurring during the cardiac cycle |
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Term
| End-diastolic Volume (EDV) |
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Definition
| The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of the diastole. It represents the maximum ventricular volume attained during the cardiac cycle, which is reached just before the beginning of ejection. |
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Term
| End-systolic Volume (ESV) |
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Definition
| The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of the systole. It represents the minimum ventricular volume, which is attained just after ejection. |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between EDV and ESV that represents the volume of blood ejected from the heart during one beat. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate at which a ventricle pumps blood. Represented in liters per minute |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart rate x stroke volume |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulation of the heart by any factor originating from outside the heart itself |
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Term
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Definition
| The function of the heart is regulated by factors originating within the heart itself. |
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Term
| At rest, what system controls the heart |
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Definition
| The parasympathetic system. HR=75 |
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Term
| During excitement, what system controls the heart |
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Definition
| The sympathetic system. HR increases. |
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Term
| How is the heart rate determined? |
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Definition
| By the SA node firing frequency |
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Term
| What does epinephrine do to the heart? |
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Definition
| Increases action potential frequency at SA node |
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Term
| Increased sympathetic activity or epinephrine leads to what series of events |
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Definition
B1 receptors in SA node
Increase open state of Ca2+ and Na+ channels
Increase rate of spontaneous depolarization
Increase heart rate |
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Term
| Increased parasympathetic activity leads to what series of events |
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Definition
Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in SA node
Increased open state of K+ channels and closed state of Ca2+ channels
Decrease rate of spontaneous depolarization and hyperpolarizes the cell
Decrease heart rate |
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Term
| Starling's Law of the Heart |
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Definition
| When the rate at which blood flows into the heart from the veins changes, the stretch on the ventricular myocardium changes, causing the ventricle to contract with greater or lesser force so that the stroke volume matches the venous return. |
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Term
| When end-diastolic volume increases, stroke volume... |
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Definition
| Increases along with heart rate due to the increased ventricular contraction. |
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