Term
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Definition
| G. Stanley Hall's concept that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings. |
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| The view that adolescence is a sociohistorical creation. Especially important in this view are the sociohistorical circumstances at the beginning of the twentieth century, a time when legislation was enacted that ensured the dependency of youth and made their move into the economic sphere more manageable. |
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| A generalization that reflects our impressions and beliefs about a broad group of people. All stereotypes refer to an image of what the typical member of a particular group is like. |
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Term
| adolescent generalization gap |
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Definition
| Adelson's concept of generalizations about adolescents based on information about a limited, highly visible group of adolescents. |
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Definition
| The settings in which development occurs. These settings are influenced by historical, economic, social and cultural factors. |
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Definition
| A national government's course of action designed to influence the welfare of its citizens. |
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| The unfair treatment of younger members of an aging society in which older adults pile up advantages by receiving inequitably large allocations of resources, such as Social Security and Medicare. |
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Definition
| The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span. Most development involves growth,. although it also includes decay, (as in death and dying) |
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Definition
| Physical change in an individual's body. |
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Definition
| Changes in an individual's thinking and intelligence. |
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Definition
| Changes in an individual's personality, emotions, relationships with other people and social contexts. |
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Definition
| The time from conception to birth. |
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Term
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Definition
| The developmental period that extends from birth to 18 or 24 months of age. |
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Definition
| The developmental period extending from the end of infancy to about 5 or 6 years of age; sometimes called the preschool years. |
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Term
| middle and late childhood |
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Definition
| The developmental period extending from about 6 to about 10 or 11 years of age; sometimes called the elementary school years. |
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Definition
| The developmental period of transition from childhood to adulthood; it involves biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes. |
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Definition
| The developmental period that corresponds roughly to the middle school or junior high school years and includes most pubertal changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Approximately the latter half of the second decade of life. Career interests, dating and identity exploration are often more pronounced in late adolescence than in early adolescence. |
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Term
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Definition
| The developmental period beginning in the late teens or early twenties and lasting through the thirties. |
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Term
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Definition
| The developmental period that is entered at about 35 or 45 years of age and exited at about 55 or 65 years of age. |
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Term
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Definition
| The developmental period that lasts from about 60 to 70 years of age until death. |
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Term
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Definition
| The developmental period occurring from approximately 18 to 25 years of age, this transitional period between adolescence and adulthood is characterized by experimentation and exploration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adapting positively and achieving successful outcomes in the face of significant risks and adverse circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
| The issue involving the debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture. Nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences. |
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Term
| continuity-discontinuity issue |
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Definition
| The issue regarding whether development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity). |
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Term
| early-later experience issue |
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Definition
| This issue focuses on the degree to which early experiences (especially early in childhood) or later experiences are the key determinants of development. |
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Term
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Definition
| An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps explain phenomena and make predictions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific assertions and predictions that can be tested. |
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Term
| psychoanalytical theories |
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Definition
| These are theories that describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface characteristic and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. Early experiences with parents are emphasized. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crises that must be faced. |
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Term
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Definition
| States that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development. |
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Term
| information processing theory |
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Definition
| Emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this approach are the processes of memory and thinking. |
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Term
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Definition
| The view of psychologists who emphasize behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development. |
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Term
| Brofenbrenner's Ecological Theory |
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Definition
| This theory focuses on the influence of five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem. |
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Term
| eclectic theoretical orientation |
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Definition
| An orientation that does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it. |
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Definition
| A controlled setting in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" are removed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Observing behavior in real world settings. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test with uniform procedures for administration and scoring. Many standardized tests allow a person's performance to be compared with the performance of other individuals. |
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Term
| experience sampling method (ESM) |
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Definition
| Involves providing participants with electronic pagers and then beeping them at random times, at which point they are asked to report on various aspects of their lives. |
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Definition
| An in-depth look at a single individual. |
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Definition
| Research the aims to observe and record behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Research who's goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| A number based on a statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables. |
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Term
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Definition
| Research that involves an experiment, a carefully regulated procedure in which one ore more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant. |
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Term
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Definition
| The factor that is manipulated in experimental research. |
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Term
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Definition
| The factor that is measured in experimental research. |
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Term
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Definition
| A research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more. |
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Term
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Definition
| A preconceived notion about the abilities of females and males that prevents individuals from pursuing their own interests and achieving their potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using an ethnic label such as African American or Latino in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group to be more homogeneous than it actually is. |
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