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Chapter 1
Terms
51
Education
Graduate
10/18/2011

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Term
Storm and stress view
Definition
G. Stanley Hall's concept that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings.
Term
inventionist view
Definition
The view that adolescence is a sociohistorical creation. Especially important in this view are the sociohistorical circumstances at the beginning of the twentieth century, a time when legislation was enacted that ensured the dependency of youth and made their move into the economic sphere more manageable.
Term
stereotype
Definition
A generalization that reflects our impressions and beliefs about a broad group of people. All stereotypes refer to an image of what the typical member of a particular group is like.
Term
adolescent generalization gap
Definition
Adelson's concept of generalizations about adolescents based on information about a limited, highly visible group of adolescents.
Term
contexts
Definition
The settings in which development occurs. These settings are influenced by historical, economic, social and cultural factors.
Term
social policy
Definition
A national government's course of action designed to influence the welfare of its citizens.
Term
generational inequality
Definition
The unfair treatment of younger members of an aging society in which older adults pile up advantages by receiving inequitably large allocations of resources, such as Social Security and Medicare.
Term
development
Definition
The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span. Most development involves growth,. although it also includes decay, (as in death and dying)
Term
biological processes
Definition
Physical change in an individual's body.
Term
cognitive processes
Definition
Changes in an individual's thinking and intelligence.
Term
socioemotional processes
Definition
Changes in an individual's personality, emotions, relationships with other people and social contexts.
Term
prenatal period
Definition
The time from conception to birth.
Term
infancy
Definition
The developmental period that extends from birth to 18 or 24 months of age.
Term
early childhood
Definition
The developmental period extending from the end of infancy to about 5 or 6 years of age; sometimes called the preschool years.
Term
middle and late childhood
Definition
The developmental period extending from about 6 to about 10 or 11 years of age; sometimes called the elementary school years.
Term
adolescence
Definition
The developmental period of transition from childhood to adulthood; it involves biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes.
Term
early adolescence
Definition
The developmental period that corresponds roughly to the middle school or junior high school years and includes most pubertal changes.
Term
late adolescence
Definition
Approximately the latter half of the second decade of life. Career interests, dating and identity exploration are often more pronounced in late adolescence than in early adolescence.
Term
early adulthood
Definition
The developmental period beginning in the late teens or early twenties and lasting through the thirties.
Term
middle adulthood
Definition
The developmental period that is entered at about 35 or 45 years of age and exited at about 55 or 65 years of age.
Term
late adulthood
Definition
The developmental period that lasts from about 60 to 70 years of age until death.
Term
emerging adulthood
Definition
The developmental period occurring from approximately 18 to 25 years of age, this transitional period between adolescence and adulthood is characterized by experimentation and exploration.
Term
resilience
Definition
Adapting positively and achieving successful outcomes in the face of significant risks and adverse circumstances.
Term
nature-nurture issue
Definition
The issue involving the debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture. Nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences.
Term
continuity-discontinuity issue
Definition
The issue regarding whether development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity).
Term
early-later experience issue
Definition
This issue focuses on the degree to which early experiences (especially early in childhood) or later experiences are the key determinants of development.
Term
theory
Definition
An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps explain phenomena and make predictions.
Term
hypotheses
Definition
Specific assertions and predictions that can be tested.
Term
psychoanalytical theories
Definition
These are theories that describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface characteristic and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. Early experiences with parents are emphasized.
Term
Erikson's Theory
Definition
Includes eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crises that must be faced.
Term
Piaget's Theory
Definition
States that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development.
Term
Vygotsky's Theory
Definition
A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.
Term
information processing theory
Definition
Emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this approach are the processes of memory and thinking.
Term
social cognitive theory
Definition
The view of psychologists who emphasize behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development.
Term
Brofenbrenner's Ecological Theory
Definition
This theory focuses on the influence of five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
Term
eclectic theoretical orientation
Definition
An orientation that does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it.
Term
laboratory
Definition
A controlled setting in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" are removed.
Term
naturalistic observation
Definition
Observing behavior in real world settings.
Term
standardized test
Definition
A test with uniform procedures for administration and scoring. Many standardized tests allow a person's performance to be compared with the performance of other individuals.
Term
experience sampling method (ESM)
Definition
Involves providing participants with electronic pagers and then beeping them at random times, at which point they are asked to report on various aspects of their lives.
Term
case study
Definition
An in-depth look at a single individual.
Term
descriptive research
Definition
Research the aims to observe and record behavior.
Term
correlational research
Definition
Research who's goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics.
Term
correlation coeffecient
Definition
A number based on a statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables.
Term
experimental research
Definition
Research that involves an experiment, a carefully regulated procedure in which one ore more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant.
Term
independent variable
Definition
The factor that is manipulated in experimental research.
Term
dependent variable
Definition
The factor that is measured in experimental research.
Term
cross-sectional research
Definition
A research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time.
Term
longitudinal research
Definition
A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.
Term
gender bias
Definition
A preconceived notion about the abilities of females and males that prevents individuals from pursuing their own interests and achieving their potential.
Term
ethnic gloss
Definition
Using an ethnic label such as African American or Latino in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group to be more homogeneous than it actually is.
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