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| A form of evolution controlled by humans, a selecting of the best traits for an organism. |
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| crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms. |
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| The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics. |
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| Termed polyploid cells may . . . |
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| May produce cells that have double and triple the normal number of choromosomes; termed polyploid cells. |
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| Polyploidy is usually fatal in _____ but not in _____. |
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Definition
| Polyploidy is usually fatal in animal cells but not in plants. |
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| Polyploidy may instantly produce a new species of . . . |
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| Polyploidy may instantly produce new species of plants, often larger and stronger than diploids. |
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| Nearly all domestic animals and most crop plants have been produced by _____________. |
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| Nearly all domestic animals and most crop plants have been produced by a selective breeding. |
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| In the 1900's, who created over 800 varieties of plants? |
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Definition
| in the 1900's, Luther Burbank created over 800 varieties of plants. |
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Term
| Manipulating DNA techniques? (4) |
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Definition
Manipulating DNA techniques:
1. Extract DNA
2. Cut DNA into smaller pieces
3. Identify the sequences of DNA
4. Make copies of DNA |
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Definition
| making changes in the DNA code |
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| Restriction Enzymes are used.... |
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Definition
| Restriction Enzymes are used to cut DNA into pieces |
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| DNA is seperated by ___________. |
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Definition
| Dna is seperated by gel electrophoresis |
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Definition
| A mixture of DNA fragements is placed at one end of a porous gel, and an electric voltage is applied to the gel. |
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| When the power is turned on in electriphoresis, what happens to the DNA molecules? What charge do they have? What charge does the gel have? |
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Definition
| When the power is turned on, DNA molecules, which are negatively charged, move toward the positive end of the gel. |
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| Smaller fragements move.... |
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Definition
| The smaller fragements move faster and farther |
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| Electrophoresis can be used to compare ______, or ____ ________, of different organisms or different __________. |
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Definition
| Can be used to compare the genomes, or gene composition, of different organisms or different individuals |
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Electrophoresis can be used to locate and identify what?
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Definition
| Can also be used to locate and identify one particular gene out of the tens of thousands of genes in an individuals geonome |
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Definition
| DNA produced by combining the DNA from different sources |
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Definition
STEPS OF PCR:
1. add a primer to the end of the DNA being copied (complementary DNA)
2. The strand is heated to break the hydrogen bonds (between bases)
3, DNA Polymerase III will start making copies of the bases between the primers
4. The copies can now serve as templates, allowing millions of copies to be made.
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| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): |
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Definition
| Is used to make copies of DNA. DISCOVERED BY KARY MULLINS |
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Definition
| circular DNA found in bacteria, very useful in DNA transfers. |
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Definition
1. Has a DNA sequence that helps promote plasmid replication
2. Has a genetic marker: a gene that makes it possible to determine original DNA from foreign DNA |
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| contain genes from other species |
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| Transgenic Microorganisms: |
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| Bacteria. Add human genes to make INSULIN and GROWTH HORMONE |
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| Adding human genes to MICE: |
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Definition
| Use them to study human diseases |
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| Adding human genes to PIGS: |
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Definition
| use them for replacement tissues and organs |
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| Adding human genes to CATTLE |
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Definition
| to take the E-Colo out of their digestive system. |
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| Adding human genes to CHICKEN |
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Definition
| Provide resistence to bacterial infection |
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| Genetically modified adds genes to #1 |
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Definition
1. have a natural insectide
2. resistance to weeds.
3. maybe able to produce antibodies |
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| Genetically modified adds genes to #2: |
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Definition
4. resistance to rot and spoilage
5. maybe able to produce plastics
6. contain vitamins and nutrients |
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Definition
| a group of genetically identical cells; and individual produced by a single cell. |
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| to create a transgenic animals or help save endangered species |
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| Cloned animals may suffer from . . . |
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Definition
| number of genetic defects and health problems. |
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