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chapter 13
brain and spinal cord
116
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/15/2009

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Term
cranium
Definition
encloses the brain
Term
vertebrae
Definition
encloses the spinal cord
Term
3
Definition
how many layers of meninges
Term
dura mater
Definition
first layer of meninges
Term
meninges location
Definition
on the brain and spinal cord
Term
arachnoid membrane
Definition
2nd layer of meninges
Term
pia mater
Definition
3rd layer, attached to brain or spinal cord
Term
epidural space
Definition
between bone and dura matar
Term
subdural space
Definition
space between dura mater and arachnoid membrane
Term
subarachnoid space
Definition
between arachnoid and pia mater
Term
protects against shock
Definition
spaces between meninges help protect
Term
cerebrospinal fluid spaces
Definition
subarachnoid, central canal, ventricles
Term
choroid plexus
Definition
seperation of fluid from blood happens here-glial cells release cerebrospinal fluid. location in lateral ventricles.
Term
circulation pathway
Definition
lateral ventricle, third ventricle, fourth ventricle, central canal or cisterna magna.
Term
cisterna magna
Definition
a space behind the medulla that is continuoius with the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord.
Term
arachnoid villi
Definition
fingerlike projections of the arachnoid that allow absorbtion of fluid back into the blood.
Term
average amount of CSF
Definition
140ML in average adult
Term
spinal cord location
Definition
lies in the vertebral cavity
Term
length of spinal cord
Definition
extends from the foremen magnum to the FIRST LUMBAR VERTEBRAE. 18 inches long
Term
contents of spinal cavity
Definition
meninges, csf, blood vessels and fat cushion.
Term
quata aquinta
Definition
after L1 of vertebrae
Term
function of spinal cord
Definition
produces conduction routes to and from the brain.
Term
ascending tracts
Definition
sensory to brain, pain, crude touch, temp, position.
Term
descending tracts
Definition
carry motor info to body
Term
brain cells
Definition
grow in size but never again in number after first few months of life.
Term
the brain stem
Definition
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
lowest portion of brain stem
Term
pons
Definition
mid portion of brain stem
Term
midbrain
Definition
upper part of brain stem
Term
formation of medulla
Definition
reticular formation, network of grey and white matter.
Term
formation of pons
Definition
white matter and reticular formation.
Term
formation of midbrain
Definition
composed of white matter and reticular formation. auditory centers visual, muscular control.
Term
functions of brainstem
Definition
performs sensory, motor, reflex functions. cardiac vasomotor and respiratory.
Term
medulla reflex center
Definition
contains vital and nonvital centers
Term
vital centers
Definition
cardiac center, vasomotor, respiratory,
Term
nonvital centers
Definition
vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccup, swallowing.
Term
pons reflex centers
Definition
pneumotaxic center- helps regulate respirations, cranial nerves 5,6,7,8.
Term
midbrain reflex centers
Definition
cranial nerves 3 and 4.
Term
structure of the cerebellum
Definition
second largest part of the brain, gray matter exterior and white interior. opposite of medulla.
Term
functions of cerebellum
Definition
skilled movements, posture, balance. (fine motor skills)
Term
diencephalon
Definition
between cerebrum and midbrain. inside in the center of brain.
Term
diencephalon
Definition
contains the thalamus and hypothalamus and optic chiasma and pineal body.
Term
thalamus structure
Definition
dumbbell shaped grey matter.
Term
thalamus function
Definition
emotion control, sensations, arousal and alerting.
Term
hypothalamus structure
Definition
forms the floor of the third ventricle and the lower part of its lateral walls.
Term
infundibulum
Definition
the stalk leading to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Term
function of hypothalamus
Definition
autonomic center- parasympathetic and sympathetic. link between mind and body. HORMONES.
Term
endocrine
Definition
hormones from what system?
Term
optic chiasma
Definition
small structure of the diencephalon. region where the right and left optic nerves cross.
Term
pineal body
Definition
biological clock- day/night.
Term
cerebral tracts and cerebral nuclei
Definition
mostly white mater formally called basal ganglia.
Term
functions of cerebral cortex
Definition
vary from person to person and gender, no part of the brain functions alone.
Term
sensory functions of the cortex
Definition
TOUCH, PRESSURE, TEMP, POSITION, VISION, HEARING, PERCEPTION.
Term
motor functions of the cortex
Definition
primary skeletal muscle (somatic) motor area
Term
reticular activating system
Definition
responsible for consciousness.
Term
barbiturates
Definition
depress reticular system
Term
amphetamines
Definition
stimulates the reticular system
Term
language control location
Definition
frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes, broca's area.
Term
emotions control location
Definition
limbic system (acts alone with rage)
Term
memory
Definition
cortex stores, temporal, pariatel and occipital. and a little limbic system.
Term
hippocampus loss
Definition
will cause the ability to recall new info to go away.
Term
language functions
Definition
left hemisphere specialization.
Term
right hemisphere
Definition
hand movements controlled in this hemisphere.
Term
somatic sensory pathways
Definition
three pools of sensory neurons
Term
three pools of sensory neurons
Definition
primary, secondary, teritiary.
Term
primary sensory neurons
Definition
relay from the periphery to central nervous system.
Term
secondary sensory neurons
Definition
cord or brainstem to the thalamus.
Term
tertiary sensory neurons
Definition
relay from thalamus to somaticosensory area.
Term
31 pairs of _ nerves
Definition
spinal nerve pairs amount
Term
spinal nerve numbering system
Definition
cervical nerves-8 pairs, thoracic nerves- 12 pairs, lumbar nerves- 5 pairs, sacral nerves- 5 pairs, coccygeal nerves- one pair.
Term
structure of spinal nerves
Definition
roots- attach to spinal cord in two places.
Term
ventral (anterior) root
Definition
spinal nerve root includes motor fibers
Term
dorsal (posterior) root
Definition
spinal nerve root that includes sensory fibers
Term
mixed nerves
Definition
all spinal nerves are considered to be ___ nerves.
Term
spinal nerve rami
Definition
branches that emerge the spinal cavity,
Term
ventral ramus
Definition
autonomic motor fibers split from the ventral rami.
Term
dorsal ramus
Definition
supplies somatic motor and sensory fibers to several small nerves
Term
nerve plexuses (4)
Definition
cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral.
Term
plexus
Definition
means braid, several rami join together to for individual nerves.
Term
cervical plexus
Definition
C1-C4, plus part of C5 and cranial nerves XI and XII, Major nerve- phrenic nerve
Term
brachial plexus
Definition
C5 through T1, Innervates lower shoulder and all of arm
Term
Lumbar plexus
Definition
L1-L4, Innervates thigh and leg.
Term
sacral plexus
Definition
L5-S4, Innervates thigh and leg.
Term
coccygeal plexus
Definition
small plexus, pelvic cavity, S5-S4
Term
myotome
Definition
a skeletal muscle or group of muscles that receive motor axons from a given spinal nerve.
Term
cranial nerves (12 pairs)
Definition
12 pairs- olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accesory, hypoglossal.
Term
divisions of peripheral nervous system.
Definition
sensory division, motor division( somatic motor nervous system, efferent autonomic NS)
Term
para and sympathetic antagonism
Definition
conduct impulses to autonomic effectors. act out as opposites.
Term
nature of a reflex
Definition
the action that results from a nerve impulse passing over a reflex arc. predictable response to stimulus. involves cerebral cortex.
Term
cranial reflex
Definition
reflex if the center of the arc is the brain.
Term
spinal reflex
Definition
if the center of the reflex arc is in the spinal cord.
Term
somatic reflex
Definition
are contractions of skeletal muscles. (reflex)
Term
somatic reflexes of importance
Definition
knee jerk reflex or patellar reflex. ankle jerk reflex. babinski reflex (toe), corneal(eye), abdominal.
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
function is to regulate heartbeat, smooth muscle contraction, and gladular secretion in ways that maintain homeostatis.
Term
autonomic system divisions
Definition
sympathetic and parasympathetic.
Term
basic plan of autonomic pathways
Definition
preganglionic neuron, autonomic ganglion, postganglionic neuron, effectors- cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
Term
neurotransmitters (2)
Definition
norepinephrine or acetylcholine.
Term
adrenergic fibers
Definition
axons that release norepinephrine
Term
cholinergic fibers
Definition
axons that release aceylcholine are known as
Term
autonomic preganglionic axons, parasympathetic postganglionic axons
Definition
acetylocholine is released from
Term
cholinergic receptors
Definition
nictoinic-1, nicotinic-2, muscarinic-1, muscarinic-2, and muscarinic-3.
Term
acetylcholinesterase terminates.
Definition
acetylcholine action is terminated by
Term
sympathetic division of autonomic system
Definition
fight or flight, everyday functioning of the body.
Term
autonomic reflex
Definition
involves smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands.
Term
olfactory nerve
Definition
CN-1, carries info about the sense of smell
Term
optic nerve
Definition
CN 2- Carry visual info from eyes to the brain.
Term
oculomotor nerve
Definition
CN 3, extends to various eye muscles.
Term
trochlear nerve
Definition
CN 4- Extend to the superior oblique muscles of the eye
Term
trigeminal nerve
Definition
CN 5- Split into 3 branches, sensation of head and face. chewing, movements and proprioception.
Term
abducens nerve
Definition
CN 6- Abduction of eye and proprioception
Term
facial nerve
Definition
CN 7- Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, tears, taste.
Term
vestibulocochlear nerve
Definition
CN 8- Balance or equilibrium sense.
Term
glossopharyngeal nerve
Definition
CN 9- Sensations of tongue, swallowing, movements, secretions of saliva, aid in control of blood pressure and respiration.
Term
vagus nerve
Definition
CN 10- Sensations and movements of organs supplied, slows heart beat, increases peristalsis, contracts muscles for voice production.
Term
accessory nerve
Definition
CN 11- Shoulder movements, turning, movements of the head, movements of the viscera-abdominal, voice production, proprioception.
Term
hypoglossal nerve
Definition
CN 12- Tongue movement, proprioception.
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