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chapter 13
protein synthesis
32
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/23/2008

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Term
what RNA stands for
Definition
ribonucleic acid
Term
three classes of RNA
Definition
messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA)
Term
ribosomes
Definition
large molecular structure upon which a polypeptide chain is assembled
Term
the base in RNA that is different from that of DNA
Definition
uracil (instead of thymine)
Term
base that uracil pairs with
Definition
adenine
Term
ribonucleotide
Definition
analogous to DNA's nucleotide
Term
enzyme which adds ribonucleotides to strands of RNA
Definition
RNA polymerase (as opposed to DNA polymerase)
Term
promoter
Definition
one sequence of bases in DNA that signals the start of a gene
Term
point at which RNA synthesis begins
Definition
when RNA polymerases attach to the promoter
Term
exons
Definition
protein-coding parts of genes
Term
introns
Definition
parts of genes between exons which are removed ("snipped out") before a mature mRNA transcript is translated or spliced together again
Term
alternative splicing
Definition
splicing together of introns to allow cells to use the same gene to make proteins that differ slightly
Term
class or RNA which most genes are transcribed into
Definition
messenger RNA - mRNA
Term
codon
Definition
sequence of three ribonucleotides in mRNA
Term
first amino acid in all new polypeptide chains
Definition
methionine (codon is AUG)
Term
sequence of three ribonucleotides which signal to begin translating as codons
Definition
AUG
Term
genetic code
Definition
set of 64 different codons
Term
codons which stop further addition of amino acids to a chain
Definition
UAA, UAG, UGA
Term
anticodon
Definition
ribonucleotide base triplet of transfer RNA which pairs with an mRNA codon
Term
first stage of translation into polypeptide chains
Definition
initiation
Term
second stage of translation
Definition
elongation
Term
third stage of translation
Definition
termination
Term
start of first stage of translation
Definition
when initiation tRNA binds to a small ribosomal subunit and begin scanning mRNA for start codon
Term
end of initiation
Definition
when a large and small ribosomal subunit converge and bond together
Term
start of elongation
Definition
mRNA occupies a binding site and tRNAS occupy two binding sites (P and A)
Term
role of rRNA in translation
Definition
to catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids delivered by tRNA
Term
gene mutations
Definition
small scale changes in the nucleotide sequence
Term
result of deletion
Definition
frameshift mutation
Term
base-pair mutation
Definition
one base is incorrectly copied during DNA replication
Term
transposons
Definition
transposable elements that move around within or across chromosomes, altering the timing or duration of its activity
Term
result of ionizing radiation
Definition
chromosomes broken into pieces
Term
most common types of mutations
Definition
insertions, deletions, and base-pair substitutions
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