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| The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
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| The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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| The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
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| Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that dispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events |
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| Peripheral Route Persuasion |
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| Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness |
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| Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts |
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| Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon |
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| The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
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| A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
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| Cognitive Dissonance Theory |
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| The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes |
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| The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitude, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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| An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior. |
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| Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
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| Normative Social Influence |
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| Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
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| Informational Social Influence |
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| Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. |
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Definition
| Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks inthe presence of others |
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| Conducted obedience experiments in which the participant was told to administer electric shocks to a someone in another room |
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| The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
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| The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occuring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
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| The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
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| The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
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| An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action |
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| A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people |
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| Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members |
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| The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. |
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| "Us"-People whith whom we share a common identity |
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| "Them"-Those percieved as different or apart from our ingroup |
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| The tenency to favor our own group |
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| The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
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| The tendency to recall faces of one's own face more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effct and the own-race bias |
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| Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
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| Frustration-Agression Principle |
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Definition
| The principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression |
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| Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations |
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| The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them |
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| An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship |
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| The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those whom our lives are intertwined |
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| A condition in which people recieve from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it |
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| Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
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| The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
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| The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
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| An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. |
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| Social-Responsibility Norm |
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| An expectation that people will holp those dependent upon them |
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| A percieved incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas |
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| A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally persuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior |
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| Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive |
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| Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation |
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| Graduated and Reciprocated initiatives in Tension-Reduction; a strategy designed to decrease tensions |
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