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Definition
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Term
| The Last Mohican's Published |
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Definition
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| World's First Public Railroad Opens in England |
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Definition
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Term
3 phases of Industrialization of the North |
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Definition
1. Manfacturers made products by dividing the tasks among workers.
2. manufactuerers built factories to bring specialized workers together to make products more quickly
3. factory workers used machinery to perform their work. Machines ran on water or steam power. |
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Who invented sewing machine? |
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Definition
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Term
What changed America's work, travel and communication?
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Definition
1. Industrialization
2. Improved Transportation (railroad and boats)
3. Technology like telegraph |
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Term
Inventor of Steamboat
(carried goods and passengers) |
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Definition
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Term
Sailing ships were improved in 1840 to what?
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Definition
Clipper ships with sleek hulls and tall sails.
Clipper ships moved faster and "clipped" the time off. It used to take about 21 to 28 days.... clipper ships cut it in half. |
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Term
Who invented the first American steam locomotive in 1830?
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Definition
Peter Cooper
He called it Tom Thumb |
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Term
Railway Network what did it connect?
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Definition
1. New York City to Buffalo
2. Philadelphia to Pittsburgh
3. Baltimore with Sheeling, Virginia (now west virginia) |
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Railways changed nations interior but the ____________ changed how agricultural goods were carried down the Mississippi
river to New Orleans then to other countries. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an apparatus that used electric signals to transmit messages |
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| Who invented telegraph lines? |
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Definition
Samuel Morse... demonstrated in 1844 by tapping "What Hath God wrought!"
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Term
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Definition
| A series of dots and dashes representing letters in the alaphabet that can transmit a message across lines. |
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| Which region of the US had the most railroad tracks in 1860? |
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Definition
| a network of railroad track nited the Miswest and the East by 1860. The east had the most tracks at first though. |
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Term
| What gave farmers access to new markets to sell their products? |
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Definition
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Term
| People didn't want to move to the midwest to farm because.... |
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Definition
| they worried that their wooden plows could not break the prairie's matted sod and that the soil was not fertile. |
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Term
| What 3 things revoluntionized farming in the 1830's? |
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Definition
1. steel-tipped plows that John Deere invented in 1837. it could cut through the wodden-packed hard soil in the prairies.
2. the mechanical reaper which sped up the harvessting of wheat
3. the thresher which quicly separed the grain from the stalk |
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Term
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Definition
Cyrus McCormick from Virginia
A reaper harvests grain quicker... wheat in the midwest boomed |
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Term
| What innovation sped the harvesting of wheat? |
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Definition
| The reaper invented by McCormick |
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Term
What is a clipper ship?
What is a telegraph?
What is Morse Code? |
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Definition
Ship that sails in half the time with sails and hulls
a machine that uses electric signals to transmit a message
a series of dots and dashes representing letters of the alphabet to deliver a message |
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Term
| How did improvments in transporation affect the price of goods? |
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Definition
| Because they traveled faster and more cheapy, manufacturers could offer them at a lower price. |
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Term
| What was the Freedom's Journal? |
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Definition
| The first African Amerian newspaper that was published in 1877 |
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Term
| in 1860 more manufacturing shifted to mills and factories. Machines took over many tasks. |
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Definition
| Mills established in Lowell, Massachusetts did the entire production process under one roof... they produced shoes, watches, guns, sweing machines and agriculture machinery. |
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Term
| What were the working conditions of factories? |
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Definition
Long working hours typically 11.4 hours a day, more accidents happened at the days became longer. Many dangerous conditions. Suffered injuries like roken bones, lost fingers from rapid belts.
Young children especially at risk. |
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Term
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Definition
| organizations of workers with the same trade or skill to help improve working conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| workers refusing to work in order to put pressure on eomployers to get better pay or work conditions. |
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Term
Who founded the Freedom's Journal?
What black owned first furniture store?
First African American to practice law? |
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Definition
Samuel Cornish John Russwurm an african American
Henry Boyd - furniture
Macon B. Allen - law
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Term
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Definition
worked in mills and factory systems
could not join unions
were paid less then men |
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Term
| What woman organized the first Lowell Female Labor Reform Organization and petition for 10 hour work day? |
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Definition
| A weaver named Sarah G. Bagley petitioned the state legislature for a 10 hour work day in 1845 |
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Term
| Women worked to get equality and justice and fair pay in the workplace. |
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Definition
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Term
| People who looked for work flocked to the cities so the cities grew. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of people into a country. Immigration in US grew betweend 1840 and 1860 |
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Term
| The largest group to immigrate to the US was from what country? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did the Irish migrate to the U.S.? |
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Definition
| because of a potato famine -- famine is a shortage of food!. Disease and light destroyed the irish potato crops and created famine so they came to the US |
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Term
| Where did the irish work? |
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Definition
| they took low paying factory jobs because they could not afford land to farm |
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Term
| What was the second largest group of immigrants next to the Irish? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did the Germans immigate to the US? |
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Definition
| because they were looking for work and opportunity in the US. other left germany because there was no democracy and they hated their government. |
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Term
| What did the germans do when they came to america? |
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Definition
| they had enough money unlike the Irish to buy farms and open their own businesses. They did very well and prospered. |
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Term
| What was the impact of immigration in America? |
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Definition
| They brought new languages, cusstoms, religions and ways of life with them that filtered into the American culture. |
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Term
| What religion where most of the immigrants? |
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Definition
| Protestants... there were few Catholics and most lived around baltimore, new orleans and st. Augusstine. Most of the irish were catholics. |
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Term
| What are people called that were against immigrants? |
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Definition
nativists
they accused immigrants of taking american jobs, bringing crime and disease to america |
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Term
| What is the Know-Nothing Party? |
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Definition
Members of the nativists group (those against immigration) formed a secret anti-Catholic society. They called for stricter citizenship laws and wanted to extend the immigrant's waiting period to become a citizen.
They also were for slavery. |
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Term
| what two nations provided the largest number of immigrants to the us in the 1820 and 1840s? |
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Definition
Ireland 39%
and
Germany 32% |
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Term
What is a trade union?
What is a Strike?
What is prejudice?
What is discrimination?
What is famine?
What is a nativist? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the nation's largest city in 1860? |
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Definition
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Term
| How would a nativist define a "real" america |
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Definition
| no immigrants get our jobs, real americans keep their jobs, no catholics take the jobs |
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Term
| Why did workers create labor unions? |
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Definition
bad work conditions
low pay
long hours |
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Term
What were the South's main crops during colonial?
Afte the American revolution of mills, what became the new crop? |
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Definition
rice, indigo and tabacco
cotton |
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Term
| Who revolutinized cotton production? |
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Definition
| Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793 |
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Term
| Who invented the cotton gin and when? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the cotton gin do? |
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Definition
| It is a machine that removed seeks from cotton fibers to dramatically increase the amoutn of cotton that could be processed. They could clean 50 pounds a ay instead of 1 pound a day with the gin. |
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Term
| What effect did the cotton gin have on the south's economy? |
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Definition
| It created the demand for more workers beause it produced cotton fiber sooo quickly. So they had to rely on SLAVE labor to pick the cotton |
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Term
| How was the Upper and Deep South different in what they produced? |
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Definition
Upper south still produced tabacco, hemp, wheat and vegetables
The deep south did cotton and little bit of rice and sugarcane |
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Term
| The value of enslaved people increased because... |
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Definition
| they played a key role in producing cotton and sugar |
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Term
| Why was there little industry in the south? |
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Definition
| Main reason was the boom in cotton sales and agriculture was so profitable they remained committed to farming instead of starting newe manufacturing businesses. |
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Term
| Who manufactured more goods the North or the South? |
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Definition
| The North because the south remained committed to slaver and cotton production. |
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Term
| Who was the first southerns to open a textile mills and iron Works? |
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Definition
| William Gregg opened a textile factory and then Joseph Reid Anderson opened Tredegar Iron Works and produced iron in the south. They wer an exception to most. |
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Term
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Definition
| money to invest in business. This is what held the south back from oopening industries or businesses because to develop industries you need capital or money to invest in the business. Planters/farmer would have to sell slaves to hae capital to open industries and they didn't want to do that . |
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Term
| what were the three barriers to industries opening in the south? |
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Definition
Capital - money to invest in the business/industry
cotton sales were profitable and booming and they wanted to remain committed to farming instead of industry.
the market for manufactured goods was smaller... mostly slaves and they couldn't buy products |
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Term
| Wht was the main means for transporting goods in the South? |
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Definition
Most were located on the seacoast along rivers. They had fewer railroads and more boat travel along sea cost.
The lack of railroads was devastating to the south during the civil war. |
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Term
| If slavery was outlawed, how would it have affected the economy in the South? |
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Definition
| it would have died... no one to pick the cotton and the economy would falter or fail |
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Term
| Was the south mostly large plantations or small farms? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| farmers who did not have slaves. They own land in the Upper South (50 to 200 acres). Not all whites owned land some rented the land... They were called tenant farmers. |
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Term
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Definition
| They rented land or worked as tenanat farmers on the landlords estates. |
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Term
| What is the difference between a tenant farmer and a yoemen? |
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Definition
| Yoemen largest group of whites... owned and farmed their land. Tenant farmers were white and there was less of them and they rented the land and worked on the landlords estates. |
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Term
| What group made up the largest group in the south? |
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Definition
| small farmer and rural poor not the plantation owners. Yoeman farmers. |
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Term
Describe large plantations...
what was the main goal of a large plantation?
what is fixed costs?
what is credit? |
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Definition
Profit!
fixed costs are regular expenses such housing, feeding workers and maintaining cotton gins and other equipment. These remin the same from yearto year
credit - like a loan |
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Term
| what is the role of the plantation wives? |
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Definition
| watch over the slaves workers, supervise the plantation buildings and the fruit and begtable gardens. some wives are accountants and keep the books. |
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Term
| Describe the slave life, culture, christianity... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the laws in the southern states taht controlled enslaved people. Slave codes made it a crime to teach enslaved people to read or write. |
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Term
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Definition
| popular religious leader among his fellow slaves. He taught himself to read. an dled a group on a rampage in Virginia |
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| Who is Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglas |
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Definition
| two african americans leaders who were born into slaversy gained their freedome then fled to the north. |
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Term
| What is the underground railroad? |
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Definition
| a network of safe houses owned by free blacks and whites who opposed slaversy they offered assistance to help runaway slaves. |
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Term
| What southern city had surpassed 200,000 in population in 1860? |
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Definition
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Term
| List two differences between Yoeman and plantation owners. |
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Definition
| plantation owners slaves... big crops not small crops... |
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