Term
| Define infection, disease, and infectious disease |
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Definition
1. Infection: pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the host defenses, enter the tissues, replicates
2. Disease- Pathologic state that results when the infection damages or disrupts tissues and organs-
3. Infectious disease: the disruption of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products |
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Term
| Know sites of body that harbor biota |
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Definition
On skin or contiguous mucous membranes
Upper Respritory Tract
Gastrointestinal tract
Outer opening of Urethra
External genitalia
Vagina
External Ear Canal and Eye |
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Term
| Sites that are Sterile (do not harbor Biota) |
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Definition
All internal tissues and organs (See list Below)
Heart and Circulatory system
Liver
Kidney and Bladder
Lungs
Brain and Spinal Cord
Muscles
Bones
Ovaries/tested
Glands
Sinuses
Middle and inner ear
Internal eye
FLUIDS WITHIN AN ORGAN OR TISSUE
Blood
Urine in kidneys, ureters, bladder
Cerebrospinal fluid
Saliva prior to entering oral cavity
Semen prior to entering the urethra
Amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo and fetus |
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Term
| Define microbial antagonism and endogenous infection |
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Definition
Microbial antagonism-Suppress pathogens so you don’t get sick
Endogenous infection-The microbe is already there in your body (Ear infections) |
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Term
| Factors that weaken the immune system |
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Definition
Old age and extreme youth
Genetic defects in immunity and acquired defects in immunity (AIDS)
Surgery and organ transplant
Organic disease: cancer, liver malfunction, diabetes
Chemotherapy/immunosuppressive drugs
Physical and mental stress
Other infections |
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Term
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Definition
any characteristic or structure of the microbe that contributes to its virulence
Virulence- the degree of pathogenicity |
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Term
| Know portals of entry including which one is the most common |
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Definition
• Nicks, abrasions, and punctures
• Intact skin is very tough- few microbes can penetrate
• Some create their own passageways using digestive
enzymes or bites
• GI Tract
• Pathogens contained in food, drink, and other ingested substances
• Adapted to survive digestive enzymes and pH changes
• Respiratory Portal- #1 Portal of Entry
• Urogenital Portals of Entry
• Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
• Enter skin or mucosa of penis, external genitalia, vagina, cervix, and urethra
• Some can penetrate an unbroken surface
• Pathogens that Infect During Pregnancy and Birth
• Some microbes can cross the placenta (ex. the syphilis spirochete)
• Other infections occur perinatally when the child is contaminated by the birth canal |
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Term
| Source of infectious agent |
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Definition
Exogenous- outside the host
Endogenous- part of the host |
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Term
| Microbe enters the tissues of the body by a portal of entry |
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Definition
Usually a cutaneous or membranous boundary
Normally the same anatomical regions that support normal biota |
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Term
| Know the acronym TORCH and what each letter stands for |
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Definition
| TORCH (toxoplasmosis, other diseases, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex) |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of bacteria required to actually cause an infection |
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Term
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Definition
| the power to produce toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| a variety of diseases caused by toxigenicity |
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Term
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Definition
| toxinoses in which the toxin is spread by the blood from the site of infection (tetanus and diphtheria) |
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Term
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Definition
| toxinoses caused by ingestion of toxins (botulism) |
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Term
| Be able to recognize what is a sign and what is a symptom and Define Syndrome |
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Definition
Sign: any objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer
Symptom: the subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient
Syndrome: when a disease can be identified or defined by a certain complex of signs and symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
Fever
Septicemia
Microbes in tissue fluids
Chest Sounds
Skin eruptions
Leukocytosis
Lukopena
Swollen lymph nodes
Abscesses
Tachycardia (increased heat rate)
Antibodies in serum |
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Term
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Definition
Chills
Pain, ache, soreness, irritation
Malaise
Fatigue
Chest tightness
Itching
Headache
Nausea
Abdominal Cramps
Anorexia
Sore throat |
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Term
| Difference between septicemia and bacteremia/viremia |
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Definition
Septicemia: general state in which microorganisms are multiplying in the blood and are present in large numbers
Bacteremia or viremia: microbes are present in the blood but are not necessarily multiplying |
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Term
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Definition
Respiratory and Salivary Portals - Coughing, sneezing , talking and laughing
Skin Scales
Fecal Exit
Urogenital Tract
Removal of Blood or Bleeding |
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Term
| Know the examples of latent infections |
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Definition
Herpes simplex
Herpes zoster
Hepatitis B- more of a chronic condition, escalates over time
AIDS-infected viral count goes up for about 2 weeks, then viral count goes back down over next few months, viral count gets very low but never 0, after several years the viral count goes back up, this is stage 4 and is actual AIDS
Epstein-Barr |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates |
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Term
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Definition
| the individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired |
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Term
Carrier: AKA (living reservoirs)
Asymptomatic carriers
Incubation carriers
Convalescent carriers
Chronic carriers
Passive carrier |
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Definition
an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others without any notice
Asymptomatic carriers- no sign or symptoms
Incubation carriers - spread infections agent during the incubation period
Convalescent carriers- continue to shed viable mircobes and convey infection to others.
Chronic carriers - shelters the infectious agent for a long period after recovery because of the latency of the infections agent
Passive carrier- someone that carriers infection from one person to another (such as a dentist)
NON LIVING RESERVOIRS- soil and water |
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Term
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Definition
a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another
Majority are arthropods
Larger animals can also be vectors |
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Term
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Definition
| actively participates in a pathogen’s life cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| transport the infectious agent without being infected |
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Term
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Definition
an infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans
–Ex. Rabies, we can get the disease but cannot give it to other humans. |
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Term
| Know the difference between communicable and non-communicable disease (ESSAY) |
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Definition
Communicable disease: when an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host
1. Transmission can be direct or indirect
2. Contagious agent: highly communicable
Noncommunicable disease: does not arise through transmission of the infectious agent from host to host
1. Acquired through some other, special circumstance
2. Compromised person invaded by his or her own microbiota
Individual has accidental contact with a microbe in a nonliving reservoir |
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Term
| Know how communicable diseases are spread direct vs. indirect (ESSAY) |
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Definition
Patterns of Transmission-
- Contact -
Direct (kissing, touching)
Droplets - talking and spit saliva
Vertical- from mother to child during birth
Vector- a person carries it from one patient to another
- Indirect Vehicles-
Formites- person touches door knob
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Fecal-oral contamination can also lead to both of these types of transmission (above and below)
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Food, water, biological products-
Air- Droplet nuclei(inhaled through mouth) and aerosols produced by cars |
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Term
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Definition
| any inanimate material commonly used by humans that can transmit infectious agents (food, water, biological products, fomites) |
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Term
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Definition
| Contaminated objects (doorknobs, telephones, etc.) |
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Term
Nosocomial infections:
and the #1 form of nosocomial infection |
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Definition
infectious diseases that are acquired or develop during a hospital stay
2-4 million cases a year
Urinary Tract Infections is #1 |
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Term
| Define etiological agent and how you would determine what the agent is |
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Definition
• Etiologic agent: the causative agent
• Kosh's 4 postulates is how you would determine what the agent is. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factors in defined human populations |
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Term
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Definition
the total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population
Prevalence = (total number of cases in population / total number of persons in population) x 100 = % |
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Term
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Definition
the number of new cases over a certain time period
Incidence = number of new cases / total number of susceptible persons |
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Term
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Definition
| the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease (# of deaths / entire population) |
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Term
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Definition
the number of persons afflicted with infectious diseases
(# of people infected / total population x 100= %) |
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Term
| Define epidemic, pandemic, sporadic, and endemic occurrence |
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Definition
Endemic -Outbreak is spread within a defined pattern
Epidemic- no defined pattern, spread is sporatic, but does have large case numbers
Sporadic Occurance- no defined pattern and low case numbers
Pandemic- global spread |
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