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| the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person |
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| frued's theory that unconscios forces act as determinants of personality. |
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| part of personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware. |
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| material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind. 2+2=4 |
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| the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses |
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| the part of personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world |
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| according to frued, the final personality structure to develop; it represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by a person's parents, teahcers, and other important figures. |
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| developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual changes. |
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| conflicts or concerns that exist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur. |
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| an intense, negative emotional expeirence |
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| unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing its source from themselves and others |
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| primary defense mechanism. unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious. most direct method of dealing with anxiety. |
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| a model of personality that seeks to identify the basic necessary to describe personality. |
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| consistent personality characteristics and behaivors displayed in different situations. |
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| a single characterssitic that directs most of a person's activities. ex: selfless woman directs all time and effort towards humanistic causes. most do not acquire just a cardinal trait. |
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| posses a handful of central traits that make up the core of a personality. such as honesty and sociability. major characteristics of an individual. usually 5-10 in any one person. |
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| characteristics that affect behaivor in fewer situations and are less influential than central or cardinal traits. ex; reluctance to eat meat or love of art. |
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| statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns. ex: personality researcher might administer a questionare to many participants, asking them to describe themselves by reffering to an extensive list of triats. |
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| 16 pairs of traits that repersent the basic dimension of personality |
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| used factor analysis to identify patterns of traits. found personality can be described in terms of three major dimensions: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. able to predict behaivor accuretly in a variety of situations. |
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relates to the degree of sociability.
ex: sociable, lively, active, assertive, sensation-seeking. |
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| encompasses emotional stability. ex: anxious, depressed, guilt feeling, low self-esteem, tense |
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| degree to which reality is distorted. ex: agressive, cold, egocentric, impulsive, impersonal |
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| last two decades most influential trait |
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| big five: open to expeirence |
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independent- conforming
imaginitive- practical
prefence for variety- preference for routine |
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| big five: consientiousness |
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careful-careless
disciplined-impulsive
organized-disorganized |
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talkative- quiet
fun-loving- sober
sociab;e-retiring |
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sympathetic-fault-finding
kind-cold
appreciative-unfriendly |
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| big five: neuroticism (emotional stability) |
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stable-tense
calm-anxious
secure-insecure |
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| several virtues. provide clear, straightfoward explanation of people's behavioral consistencies. had important influence on the development of several useful personality measures. |
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| social cognitive approaches to personality |
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| theories that emphasize the influence of a person's cognitions-thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values-as well as observations of others' behaivor, in determining personality |
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| belief in one's personal capabilities. self efficacy underlies peoples faith in the ability to carry out a particular behaivor or produce a desired outcome. |
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| the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluatuions |
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| biological and evolutionary approaches to personality |
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| theories that suggest that important components of personality os inhereted. |
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| the innaite disposition that emerges early in life |
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| humaistic approaches to personality |
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| theories that emphasize peoples innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioning |
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| a state of self-fullfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique way. |
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| unconditional positive regard |
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| an attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what a person says or does. |
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| standard mearsures devised to assess behaivor objectively; used by psychologists to help people make decisions about their lives and understand more about themsleves. |
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| refers to the measurement consistency of a test. if reliable, it yields the sam result each time it is administered to a specific person or group. |
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| test that actually measure what they are designed to measure. |
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| standards of test perfomance that permit the comparison of one person's score on a test with scores of others who have taken the same tests. |
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a methjod by gathering data about people by askinf them questions about a sample of their behaivor.
ex; minnesota maultiphaisic personally inventory-2 (mmpi-2)- a widely used self report that identifies people with psychological difficulties and is employed to predict some everyday behaivors. |
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| a technique used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the responses of people with known diagnoses. |
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| projective personallity test |
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a test in which a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it.
ex: rorschach test- a test that involves showing a series of symmetrical visual stimuli to people who then are asked what the figures repersent to them. |
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direct mesurment of an individuals behaivor used to describe personality characteristics.
ex: thematic apperception test (TAT)- a test consisting of a series of pictures about which a person is asked to write a story. |
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