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Chapter 13
Social Psychology
39
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/12/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
social psychology
Definition
the study of how people influence others' behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes
Term
attribution
Definition
process of assigning causes to behaviour
Term
fundamental attribution error
Definition
tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behaviour
Term
social comparison theory
Definition
theory that we seek to evaluate our beliefs, attitudes, and abilities by comparing our reactions with others
Term
mass hysteria
Definition
outbreak of irrational behaviour that is spread by social contagion
Term
conformity
Definition
tendency of people to alter their behaviour as a result of group pressure
Term
parametric studies
Definition
studies in which an experimenter systematically manipulates the independent variable to observe its effects on the dependent variable
Term
deindividualization
Definition
tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities
Term
groupthink
Definition
emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking and sound decision making
Term
group polarization
Definition
tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual group members
Term
cults
Definition
groups of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause
Term
inoculation effect
Definition
approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking it
Term
obedience
Definition
adherence to instructions from those of higher authority
Term
pluralistic ignorance
Definition
error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things we do
Term
diffusion of responsibility
Definition
reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others
Term
social loafing
Definition
phenomenon whereby individuals becomes less productive in groups
Term
altruism
Definition
helping others for unselfish reasons
Term
enlightenment effect
Definition
learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better
Term
aggression
Definition
behaviour intended to harm others, either verbally or physically
Term
relational aggression
Definition
form of indirect aggression, prevalent in girls, involving spreading rumours, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation
Term
belief
Definition
conclusion regarding factual evidence
Term
attitude
Definition
belief that includes an emotional component
Term
self-monitoring
Definition
personality trait that assesses the extent to which people's behaviour reflects their true feelings and attitudes
Term
cognitive dissonance
Definition
unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs
Term
self-perception theory
Definition
theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviours
Term
impression management theory
Definition
theory that e don't really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes
Term
foot-in-the-door technique
Definition
persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one
Term
door-in-the-face technique
Definition
persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted
Term
low-ball technique
Definition
persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the "add-on" costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product
Term
prejudice
Definition
drawing conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence
Term
adaptive conservatism
Definition
evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different
Term
in-group bias
Definition
tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group
Term
out-group homogeneity
Definition
tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar
Term
discrimination
Definition
negative behaviour toward members of out-groups
Term
stereotype
Definition
a belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group
Term
ultimate attribution error
Definition
assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions
Term
scapegoat hypothesis
Definition
claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortune
Term
just-world hypothesis
Definition
claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason
Term
jigsaw classrooms
Definition
educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project
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