Term
| __________________ takes place by seperation of the strands of the double helix and ________ of two daughter strands complemetary to the two ____________ templates |
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Definition
| DNA replication, synthesis, parental |
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Term
| DNA replication is called _____________ because half of the parent structure is ___________ in each of the daughter duplexes. |
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Definition
| Semiconservative, retained |
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Term
| Semiconservative model of DNA replication took over the two other models previously considered: ________ and __________ |
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Definition
| Consertive and dispersive |
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Term
| DNA replication is bacteria starts at the ________ site where a number of proteins bind to ___________ replication. Origin sites contains the _______ sequence. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA replication in bacteria proceeds _______ from the origin site. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________________ are pointed where the nonreplicated segment splits into a pair of replicating segments. |
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Definition
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Term
| Tension is built up as DNA begins the unwinding process and DNA becomes ____________________. |
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Definition
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Term
_________________ (topoisomerase II) relieves the _______ by changing the DNA into negatively supercoiled DNA.
-Involved _______ both strands of the DNA, ______ them, and _________ them. |
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Definition
| DNA gyrase, tension, cleaving, unwinding rejoining |
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Term
| ______________ is responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands from a DNA _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| None of the three DNA polymerases in bacteria can ______ DNA chains; it can only ________ an existing strand. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA Polymerase requires a _______ which provides the 3' hydroxyl terminus on which to add new nucleotides. |
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Definition
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Term
| Polymerization occurs in the _______ direction. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___________ (in the direction of the _________ fork movement) is synthesized __________. |
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Definition
| Leading strand, replication, continuously |
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Term
| The ____________ (in the _________ direction of the replication fork) is synthesized ______________. |
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Definition
| Lagging strand, oppisite, discontinuously |
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Term
| The lagging strand is constructed of small _____________, which are joined by ______________. |
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Definition
| Okazaki fragments, DNA ligases |
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Term
| _______________ is an RNA polymerase that assembles short RNA primers for lagging strand synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ unwinds two strands of DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________________ is major helicase for unwinding during replication. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ and ________ form a "primosome" which join along the lagging-strand template in a 5'-3' direction. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________________ bind to single strands to keep them in an elongated unwound state. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________________ is the primary replication enzyme. |
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Definition
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Term
| A single ___________ synthesizes both leading and lagging strands, with lagging strand DNA pol III hitching a ride on the leading strand DNA pol III. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________________ contains DNA pol III and various subunits having different functions in the replication process. |
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Definition
| DNA polymerase III holoenzyme |
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Term
| About ______________ total proteins are involved in replication. |
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Definition
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Term
| By forming a _____________, one of the componenets maintains an assocation between the polymerase and the DNA template. |
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Definition
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Term
| As long as it is attached to a _______________, DNA polymerase can move processively from one nucleotide to the next without falling off. |
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Definition
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Term
| The assembly of the B clamp around the DNA, such as when jumping to the next primer on the lagging strand requires a ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________ is involved in DNA repair and also removes RNA primers from the lagging strand and replaces them with DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________________ degrade nucleic acids by removing 5' or 3' terminal nucleotides. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNa pol I has 5' exonuclease activity (for ________________________), 3' exonuclease activity (for _____________________________) and DNA polymerase activity. |
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Definition
| Degrading primers, repairing base mismatches |
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Term
| The error rate of incorporation of an incorrect nucleotide during DNA replication is the ____________________________. |
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Definition
| Spontaneous mutation rate |
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Term
| Less than ___________ or ______________ nucleotides in E. Coli probably similar in human non-repeats |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ error in about ______ cell divisions in E. Coli |
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Definition
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Term
| However, mismatches are incorporated by ____________ in about 10^-10^6 nucleotides. Most are repairs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Incorporation of a particular nucleotide onto the end of a growing strand depends upon the __________ of the base pair. |
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Definition
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Term
| During ____________, mismatched bases are excised. |
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Definition
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Term
| Replication is rapid (________________) |
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Definition
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Term
| Eukaryotes replicate their genome in (_________). 10,000 to 100,000 per cell in humans, as opposed to just one site in bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
| Timing of DNA synthesis in a replicon is _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________ is last to be replicated. |
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Definition
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Term
| Origins of replication identified in yeast cells are called ___________. Contains _____ bp conserved sequence. |
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Definition
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Term
| A multiprotein ______ is assembled at the ARS. |
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Definition
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Term
| Replication activities are ______ in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are several DNA polymerases in ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Eurkaryotic DNA polymerases elongate in the _____ direction and require a _________; some have ______ activity. |
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Definition
| 5 --3, primer, exonuclease |
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Term
| The replication machinery is now thought to be stationary in the __________ with the DNA threaded through the replication complex. |
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Definition
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Term
| Replication forks are located within sites called ___________________ (about 40 forks each) |
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Definition
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Term
| The assembly of DNA into ________ after replication is a rapid event. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________ remain intact during replication and old and new histones are distributed (somewhat randomly) between the two daughter duplexes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The assembly of nucleosomes is facilitated by a network of accessory proteins (__________________________) |
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Definition
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Term
| Due to its chemical makeup and structure, DNA is the cell molecule ________ suseptible to ___________________________. |
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Definition
| Most, environmental change |
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Term
| Ionizing ____________, common ____________, ___________ energy of body temperature, and even metabolic products cause spontaneous alteration (_________) in DNA. |
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Definition
| Radiation, chemicals, thermal, lesions |
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Term
| Mammals mutate about ___________ bases a day. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________________________ removes bulky _________, such as pyrimidine dimers and __________ altered nucleotides. |
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Definition
Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)
Lesions
Chemically |
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Term
Two pathways of NER:
A. A _________________________, which is the preferential pathway and selectively repairs __________ genes, which are most important genes in that particular cell.
B. A____________________________, which is _________ and less _________________ and corrects DNA strands in the remainder of the genome. |
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Definition
Transcription coupled pathway, transcribed
Global genomic pathway, slower, efficient |
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Term
| _______________ is a key component of the repair machinery and is also involved in initiation for transcription. It links transcription and DNA repair. |
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Definition
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Term
| A pair of _______________ cut on both sides of the __________, and the damaged strand is separated from the non-damaged strand using ____________ subunits in TFIIH. |
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Definition
| Endonucleases, lesions, helicase |
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Term
| The gap is filled by _________ and sealed by ___________. |
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Definition
| DNA polymerase, DNA ligase |
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