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| a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviour, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual |
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| a characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, or feeling |
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| Austrian neurologist who pioneered the field of psychoanalysis |
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| A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud, that emphasized unconscious motives and conflicts |
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| theories that explain behaviour and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within an individual |
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| in psychoanalysis, the part of personality containing inherited psychic energy, particularly sexual and aggressive instincts |
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| In psychoanalysis, the psychic energy that fuels the life or sexual instincts of the id |
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| In psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents reason, good sense, and rations self-control |
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| In psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents, conscience, morality, and social standards |
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| Methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, the selective, involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, a person's own unacceptable or threatening feelings being repressed and then attributed to someone else |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, when people direct their emotions towards things, animals, or other poeple that are not the real object of their feelings |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, when displacement serves a higher cultural or socially useful purpose, as in creation of art or inventions |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, when a feeling that produces unconscious anxiety is transformed into its opposite in consciousness |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, when a person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, when people refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening, that they have a problem, or that they are feeling a forbidden emotion; denial projects the self-image and preserves the illusion of invulnerability |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, a series of different forms of sexual energy into which personality develops as the child matures; they are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages |
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| In psychoanalysis, a conflict occurring in the phallic (Oedipal) stage, in which the child desires the parent of the other sex and views the same-sex parent as a rival |
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| Originally one of Freud's collaborators, proposed the idea of the collective unconscious and pioneered the school of Jungian analysis |
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| In Jungian theory, the universal memories and experiences of humankind, represented in symbols, stories, and images (archetypes) that occur across all cultures |
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| Universal, symbolic images that appear in myths, art, stories, and dreams; to Jungians, they reflect the collective unconscious |
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| In Jungian thought, archetype that reflects the prehistoric fear of wild animals and represents the bestial, evil side of human nature |
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| In Jungian thought, the feminine archetype in men |
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| In Jungian thought, the masculine archetype in women |
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| a Psychodynamic approach that emphasized the importance of the infant's first two years of life and the baby's formative relationships, especially with the mother |
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| assuming that if A came before B, then A must have caused B |
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| Objective tests (inventories) |
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| Standardized questionnaires requiring written responses; they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves |
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| One of the most influential psychologists in the empirical study of personality |
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| aspects of personality that reflect a characteristic way of behaving, dealing with others, and reacting to new situations |
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| Changeable aspects of personality |
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| Devised a factor analysis statistical method for analyzing personality traits |
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| A statistical method for analyzing the intercorrelations among various measures or test scores; clusters of measures or scores that are highly correlated are assumed to measure the same underlying trait or ability (factor) |
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| Big Five personality traits |
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| A cluster of five "robust" central personality traits; extroversion/introversion, neuroticism/emotional stability, agreeableness/antagonism, conscientiousness/impulsiveness, openness/resistance to experience |
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| physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways; they are present in infancy and are in many nonhuman species and are assumed to be innate |
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| a statistical estimate of the proportion of total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group |
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| Social-cognitive learning theories |
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| Practitioners who combine elements of behaviourism with research on thoughts, values, expectations, and intentions |
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| In social-cognitive theories, the two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits |
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| unique aspects of a person's environment and experience that are not shared with family members |
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| a program of shared rules that governs the behaviour of members of a community or society and a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most members of that community |
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| cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes are prized about duty and relations with others |
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| cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one's group is prized about individual goals and wishes |
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| Culture in which even apparently small disputes and trivial insults threaten the reputation of an individual, family, or group, requiring a violent response to restore its status |
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| a psychological approach that emphasized personal growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential, rather than the scientific understanding and assessment of behaviour |
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| One of the three cheif leaders of the humanist psychology movement, believed in the importance of peak experiences and self-actualization |
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| rare moments of rapture caused by the attainment of excellence or the experience of beauty |
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| the person who strives for a life that is meaningful, challenging, and satasfying |
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| one of three chief leaders of the humanist psychology movement, posited the importance of the fully functioning individual and unconditional positive regard |
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| harmony between the image people project to others and their true feelings and wishes |
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| Unconditional positive regard |
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| to Carl Rogers, love or support given to another person with no conditions attached |
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| One of the three chief leaders of the humanist psychology movement, was an existentialist who believed in free will but also emphasized some of the inherently difficult and tragic aspects of human condition, including loneliness, anxiety and alienation |
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| a philosophical approach that emphasizes the inevitable dilemmas and challenges of human existence |
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| the story that each of us develops over time to explain ourselves and make meaning of everything that has happened to us |
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