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| lobbying conducted by rank-and-file members of an interest group |
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| interest group activity that includes normal lobbying on Capitol Hill, working closely with members of Congress, and contributing money to incumbents' campaigns. |
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| an organized group of people seeking to influence public policy |
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| activities through which individuals, interests groups, and other institutions seek to influence public policy by persuading government officials to support their groups' position |
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| professionals who work to influence public policy in favor of their clients' interests |
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| the personal satisfaction of active self expression through contribution or other involvement to social causes |
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| interest groups designed to influence elected officials by threatening to impose political costs on them if they do not respond. tactics include marches, demonstrations, and electoral mobilization |
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| political paralysis in the face of pressing national problems |
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| a group that promotes some conception of the public interest rather than the narrowly defined economic or other special interests of its members |
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| private goods or benefits that induce rational actors to participate in a collective effort to provide a collective good |
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| amophous aggregates of people sharing general values and a desire for social change |
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| advantage of groups with more money, organization, knowledge, internal agreement, skilled leadership, and moral commitment, who solve their collective action problems more easily than do groups commanding fewer of these assets |
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| changing public policy and institutions over a series of small, gradual steps |
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| appointed by a three-judge panel on the attorney general's finding of "reasonable grounds to believe that futher investigation is warranted". they enjoy an unlimited budget, unlimited time, and a potentially limitless jurisdiction and can be fired only for "good cause". is no longer in use |
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| institutional bias that fundamentally favors continuation of current public policy |
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| legislation that requires political business to be done public |
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| a movement begun during the 1980s to limit the number of terms both state legislators and members of congress can serve |
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