Term
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Definition
| Each step controlled by different enzymes |
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Term
| Primary Enzyme in DNA Replication |
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Definition
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Term
| One Gene One Polypeptide hypothesis |
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Definition
| Genes code for protein(polypeptide) |
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Term
| Hemoglobin's Polypeptides |
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Definition
| 2 Alpha Thalasemia, 2 Beta Thalasemia |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA operates in triplets, once strand is the sense strand and codes for proteins, each DNA triplet codes for a specific amino acid, for each DNA triplet there is a complementary mRNA codon and a tRNA anticodon |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA: Deoxyribose, PO4, AT, GC, Double helix. RNA: Ribose, PO4, AU, GC, Single stranded non helical. |
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Term
| 2 Major Steps in Protein Synthesis |
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Definition
| Transcription and Translation |
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Term
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Definition
| Copying of the DNA sense strand by mRNA nucleotides. "Punctuations" codes exist within the DNA marking the start(AUG) and stop(UAA,UAG,UGA) |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA unwinds and unzips complementary mRNA nucleotides pair to DNA nucleotides until the "stop" code is reached, mRNA nucleotides bonded together, mRNA detaches from DNA, mRNA leaves the nucleus for the ribosomes, DNA rezips and recoils, BEFORE mRNA LEAVES THE NUCLEUS; "mRNA Processing" occurs where errors (introns) are removed and corrections (exons) are put into place. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Poly A tail (100-200 adenine nucleotides) |
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Term
| Purpose of caps and tails |
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Definition
| Serve as "bumpers" to help attach mRNA to the ribosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribosomal RNA, major component of the ribosomes along with proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in translation, odd shape, 3 anticodons on bottom |
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Term
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Definition
| Assembly of Amino Acid into a polypeptide chain involving tRNA, mRNA, rRNA(ribosome) |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA has attached itself to a ribosome, tRNA carrying methiomine will bond to the start codon on mRNA, the ribosome moves along the mRNA molecules, complementary tRNA anicodons, peptides bonds form between adjacent Amino Acids, tRNA detaches from mRNA and Amino Acid and exits the ribosome, translation continues until the "stop" codon is reached, there is no complementary tRNA anticodon for the mRNA stop codon, ribosome and mRNA disassemble, polypeptide is now available to become part of a larger protein and result in a phenotype. |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in the genetic code occuring within the DNA or to a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomal and Gene Point Mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| During crossing over or meiosis, parts or even entire chromosomes can become lost, deletion, inversion, translocation, can occur during meiosis. |
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Term
| Nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis |
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Definition
| Failure of chromosome to separate correctly during meiosis, results in gametes without, too many, or too few chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| At a specific point on a gene, there is a mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| The wrong nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of a nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
| Insertion and deletion, shifting the reading frame |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Causes of Mutations (Mutagens) |
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Definition
| Alcohol, Drugs, Radiation, Smoking, high temp, Chemicals, Malnutrition, |
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Term
| Important Fact about Mutations |
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Definition
| Mutations are only passed onto future generations when occuring within the gametes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sicle cell anemia, tay sachs, huntington |
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Term
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Definition
| Storehouse of genetic change contributing to evolution |
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Term
| 2 Types of Cytoplasmic DNA |
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Definition
| Mitochondrial DNA, Chloroplast DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Not the entire genome, 13 genes coding for respiration, inherited through mother |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Phenotype, physical or chemical appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of a gene for the same trait |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Differences in dominant and recessive allele |
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Definition
| Minor differences in nucleotide sequence |
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Term
| 2 Types of Genes in Prokaryotes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Code for repressor protein that control structural genes |
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Term
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Definition
| When a substrate enters a cell, it will "induce" the gene to produce the needed enzyme |
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Term
| Petri Dish of E.Coli with glucose |
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Definition
| Repressor protein switches off the lactose gene. |
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Term
| Petri Dish of e Coli with lactose |
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Definition
| Substrate induces protein synthesis of lactose |
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Term
| Enzyme induction depends upon.. |
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Definition
| Structural gene for lactose, regulator gene, operator, operon |
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Term
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Definition
| Region of DNA nucleotides near the structural gene which controls protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Combination of operator and structural gene. |
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Term
| Process of Enzyme Induction |
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Definition
| When the substrate for lactase is absent from the cell, repressor proteins bind to the operator stopping protein synthesis of the structural gene for lactase. When the substrate enters the cell, repressor proteins leave the operator and bind to the substrate allowing the operator to direct protein synthesis of the needed lactase gene. |
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Term
| Genetic Control in Eukarya |
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Definition
| Our complexity is a control mechanism, DNA must first unwind from histone, mRNA processing must take place before the transcript leaves the nucleus, during transcription, genes may be switched on/off to cause cells to differentiate and specialize, hormones(proteins) are needed to activate genes, mRNA can be processed differently resulting in different proteins, proteins can often be modified before becoming functional, proteins are only functional when resulting in a phenotype. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme required for transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| Signals in DNA that indicate to the enzyme where to bind to make RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene mutations involving changes in one or a few nucleotides, occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of genes that control differentiation of cells and tissues in the embryo. |
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