Term
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Definition
| The tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation strains our ability to cope is called ______. |
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| stressors as stimuli approach |
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Definition
| Survivors of Hurricane Katrina might be of particular interest to researches who study stress from which viewpoint? |
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Definition
| People's varied reactions to the same event suggest that we can view stress as a _________ between people and their environments. |
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Definition
| When we encounter a potentially threatening event, we initially engage in ____________________ to decide whether the event is harmful. |
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Definition
| We make a ______________ to determine how well we can cope with a harmful event. |
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Definition
| ________________ is a coping strategy people use to tackle life's challenges head-on. |
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Term
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Definition
| When we try to put a positive spin on our feelings or predicaments and engage in behaviours to reduce painful emotions, we are engaging in _________________. |
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Term
| Social Readjustment Rating |
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Definition
| The ___________________ Scale is based on 43 life events ranked in terms of how stressful participants rated them. |
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Term
| Daily hassles and minor annoyances can add up and strain our ability to cope. |
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Definition
| How can daily hassles such as traffic, a difficult relationship with a boss, or getting the wrong order at a drive-through restaurant affect our health? |
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Term
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Definition
| The frequency and perceived severity of hassles are (better/worse) predictors of physical health than are major life events. |
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Term
| Describe Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome. |
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Definition
| G.A.S. consists of three stages: (1) alarm: the autnomic nervous system is activated; (2) resistance: adaptation and coping occurs; and (3) exhaustion: when resources and coping abilities are depleted, which can damage organs and contribute to depression and PTSD. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The alarm reaction involves the excitation of the autonomic nervous system, the discharge of the stress hormone adrenalin, and physical symptoms of anxiety. |
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Definition
| Identify the brain and body components activated in the alarm reaction proposed by Selye's GAS. |
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Term
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Definition
| The _____________ response is a set of physiological or psychological reactions that mobilize us to either confront or escape a threatening situation. |
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Definition
| During the ___________ stage of GAS, we a adapt to the stressor and try to find a way to cope with it. |
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Definition
| During the _________ stage of the GAS, resources and coping abilities are limited, and stress can damage organs and engender depression and PTSD. |
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Definition
| The _______________ response is when a person relies on social supports and the nurturing abilities of others in times of stress. It tends to occur more in women than in men. |
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Definition
| The hormone _________ further counters stress and promotes the tend-and-befriend response. |
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Definition
| In a survey of New York City area residents after September 11, 2001, researchers found that (25 percent/65 percent) of the sample were resilient to the obvious stress. |
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Definition
| People who cope well in the aftermath of a stressor tend to display relatively (high/low) levels of functioning before the event. |
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Term
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Definition
| The severity, duration, and nearness to the stressor affect people's likelihood of developing ______________ Disorder. |
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Definition
| The telltale symptoms of PTSD include vivid memories, feelings, and images of traumatic experiences, known commonly as ___________. |
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Term
| The immune system is the body's defensive barrier against disease. Phagocytes and lymphocytes neutralize antigens, such as viruses and bacteria, and produce proteins called antibodies that fight infection. Diseases of the immune system include AIDS and autoimmune diseases in which the immune system is overactive. Stress can decrease resistance to illness, delay healing, and impair the immune system. |
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Definition
| Describe how the immune system is affected by stress. |
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Term
| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
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Definition
| AIDS is a life-threatening, incurable, yet treatable condition in which the ____________________ attacks and damages the immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| An example of an autoimmune disease in which the immune system is overactive is (arthritis/alcoholism). |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the relationship between the immune system and the __________________ system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Research has shown that stress (can/can't) decrease resistance to the cold virus. |
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Term
| Psychologists use the term "psychophysiological" to describe illnesses like ulcers in which emotions and stress contribute to maintain or aggravate physical conditions. Ulcers, which appear to be caused by the H. pylori bacterium and exacerbated by stress, can be understood in terms of a biopsychosocial perspective, which considers both physical and psychological factors. |
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Definition
| Identify how physical disorders such as ulcers are related to stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ulcers (are/are not) caused by hot, spicy foods. |
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Term
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Definition
| A biopsychosocial perspective proposes that most medical conditions are neither all physical nor all ____________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Scientists have learned that psychological factors, including stress and personality traits, are key risk factors for ___________________. |
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Definition
| For many years, the Type A personality was thought to promote risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but more recent work points to ________________ as a more central risk factor. |
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Term
| Type A personality type describes people who are competitive, driven, hostile, ambitious, and impatient. Research indicates that the anger component of Type A personality can be deadly, increasing our risk for CHD. |
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Definition
| What are the characteristics of a Type A personality, and what health risks are associated with such a personality? |
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Term
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Definition
| Although job stress is correlated with CHD, it may not __________ it in all circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Researchers have established a (weak/strong) correlation between poverty and poor health. |
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Term
| Social support and the following types of stress control are important: (1) behavioural control (taking action to reduce stress), (2) cognitive control (reappraising stressful events that can't be avoided), (3) decisional control (choosing among alternatives), (4) informational control (acquiring information about a stressor), and (5) emotional control (suppressing and expressing emotions at will). Flexible coping (adjusting coping strategies to specific situations) is also helpful. |
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Definition
| Describe the role of social support and different types of control in coping with stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____________ ecompasses our reltionships with people and groups that provide emotional and financial assistance as we contend with important decisions or stressful situations. |
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Term
| Social support can provide us with emotional comfort, financial assistance, and information to make decisions, solve problems, and contend with stressful situations. |
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Definition
| What are the benefits of a strong social network when an individual is undergoing stressful or challenging life events? |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to step up and take action to reduce the impact of a stressful situation is an example of _________________. |
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Term
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Definition
| ________________ is the ability to think differently about negative emotions that arise in respone to stress-provoking events. |
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Definition
| We engage in _______________ when we anticipate stressful situations and take steps to prevent or minimize difficulties before they arise. |
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Term
| Crisis debriefing sessions, in which a facilitator structures a group discussion of people's reactions to a shared traumatic event, may actually increase PTSD risk. |
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Definition
| What is crisis debriefing, and how effective is it for people who have experienced a traumatic event? |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ is a set of attitudes, marked by a sense of control over events, commitment to life and work, and motivation and courage to confront stressful events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Optimistic people are (better/worse) at handling frustration than pessimists. |
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Definition
| __________ is the search for the sacred, which may or may not extend to belief in God. |
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Definition
| Spending a good deal of time ruminating is a (productive/counterproductive) way of reacting to a stressful situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The field of psychology that integrates the behavioural sciences with the practie of medicine is called ______________. |
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Definition
| Health psychologists make the treatment and prevention of __________ a high priority, because it's the leading cause of preventable disease and deaths in the USA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Research has shown that heavy __________ is associated with significant increases in many different types of cancer, serious and sometimes fatal liver problems, and brain shrinkage and other neurological problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes (play/do not play) a role in people's tendency to become overweight. |
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Term
| personal inertia, misestimating risk, aand feelings of powerlessness |
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Definition
| Identify three reasons why it's difficult to change our lifestyles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Because of the ___________ heuristic, we tend to underestimate certain risks to our health and overestimate others. |
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Term
| Alternative medicine approaches include biologically based therapies (vitamins, herbs, food supplements), manipulative and body-based methods (chiropractic medicine), mind-body medicine (biofeedback and meditation), energy medicine (acupuncture), and whole medical systems (homeopathy). Many alternative approaches are no more effective than placebos. |
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Definition
| Describe different alternative and complementary medical approaches and compare their effectiveness with placebos. |
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Definition
| _________________ refers to health care practices and products that are used in place of conventional medicine. |
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Term
| Herbs, vitamines, and dietary supplements (are/are not) regulated by Health Canada and the FDA for safety, purity, and effectiveness. |
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Definition
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Term
| Positive effects include increases in creativity, empathy, alertness, and self-esteem, as well as decreases in anxiety, interpersonal problems, and recurrence of depression. It can also enhance blood flow in the brain and immune function. Its positive effects may derive from a greater acceptance of our troubling thoughts an feelings. The effects may not be due to mediation itself, but from sititing quietly, resting, and relaxing with eyes closed. Positive attitudes, beliefs, and expectancies about meditation may also account for why it's beneficial. |
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Definition
| List some os the positive effects of meditation and possible explanations for each. |
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Term
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Definition
| _________________ is based on the premise that consuming an extremely diluted dose of an illness-inducing substance will activate the body's own natural defences against it. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The _____________ is a stress hormone that activates the body and prepares us to respond to stressful circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inflamed area in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause pain, nausea, and loss of appetite is called a ______________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Feedback by a device that provides almost an immediate output of a biological function, such as heart rate or skin temperature is called ______________. |
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