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Chapter 12: DNA (questions)
questions, study, biology, enriched, dna, genetics, rna, chapter 12, chapter twelve,
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Biology
9th Grade
03/03/2011

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Term
DNA stands for?
Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid
Term
__________ is a nucleic acid that stores and transmits genetic information from one generation of an organism to another
Definition
DNA
Term
Federick Griffith
Definition
British scientist who wanted to figure out how pneumonia was produced by bacteria
Term
Federick Griffith
Definition
found two different strands of bacteria
Term
When Griffith injected mice with the smooth bacteria the mice _______?
Definition
died
Term
When griffith injected mice with rough bacteria the mice ________?
Definition
lived
Term
The mice lived after did what to the smooth bacteria?
Definition
heated it (to kill it)
Term
When frederick mixed the "killed," smooth bacteria with rough bacteria and injected it into the mice what happened?
Definition
the mice died
Term
Griffith found that the mice's loungs were filled with _____________ after the mixture.
Definition
live, smooth bacteria
Term
Oswald Avery
Definition
wantd to find out what factor was needed for transformation
Term
When Avery added an enzyme that destroyed everything except DNA to the heat-killed bacteria what happened?
Definition
transformation occured
Term
When Very added an enzyme that destroyed DNA to the heat killed bacteria what happend?
Definition
transformation did not occur
Term
Avery's conclusion:
Definition
DNA was the transforming factor
Term
Nonliving particles that infect living organisims are known as:
Definition
viruses
Term
Bacteriophage
Definition
contains DNA or RNA core & protein coat
Term
Bacteriophage
Definition
enters a bacteria when the virus attatches to a cell and injects its DNA into the cell
Term
The conclusion of the ________________ stated that genetic material was DNA
Definition
Hershey-Chase Experiment
Term
__________ contain sulfer but almost no phospate
Definition
Proteins
Term
_______ contains phospate but no sulfur
Definition
DNA
Term
The Hershey-Chase experiment tested bacteria for what?
Definition
phosperous (32 P) and sulfate (35 S)
Term
In the Hersey Chase experiment the goal was to find out:
Definition
if genes were made up of protein for DNA
Term
Nucleotides contain ________, _________, and _______
Definition
5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Term
The back bone of DNA is made of?
Definition
sugar and phosphate groups
Term
Purines are
Definition
adenine and guanine (2 rings)
Term
Pyrimidines are?
Definition
cytosine and thymine (1 ring)
Term
According to Chargaff's rules:

________ and ____________ are equal and the percentages of _________ and ________ are also equal
Definition
cytosine (C) and guanine (G)
adenine (A) and thymine (T)
Term
Who used x-ray diffraction to discover the structure of DNA?
Definition
Rosalind Franklin
Term
Who discovered that DNA was a double helix structure?
Definition
Watson and Crick
Term
The double helix can be described as a(n) what?
Definition
twisted ladder or spiral staircase
Term
In a double helix _______ form between _________ to hold the two strands. This is known as base pairing
Definition
  • hydrogenous bonds
  • nitrogenous bases

 

Term

what is the name of this stucture?[image]

 

 

 

 

 

Definition
a double helix
Term
in a double helix A bonds with _ and C binds with _
Definition
G, C
Term
_______ DNA is located in the cytpolasm
Definition
Prokaryotic
Term
Prokaryotic DNA have a singular, _________ chromosome
Definition
circular
Term
_________ located in the cell nucleus
Definition

Eukaryotic DNA

 

Term
Eukaryotic contain both  _________ and ________ packed together to form chromatin
Definition
  • DNA
  • Protein
Term
Chromatin consists of what?
Definition
DNA coiled around proteins called histones
Term
DNA replicates itself before what?
Definition
seperating into two strands and producing two new complimentary strands following the rules of base pairing
Term
During Prokaryotic Replication...
Definition
replication begins at a single point in the chromosomes and proceeds in two different directions
Term
___________ occurs at many places and proceeds in both directions
Definition
Eukaryotic DNA Replication
Term
What are replication forks?
Definition
the sites where DNA seperation and replication occur
Term
Inorder for DNA replication to occur...
Definition
enzymes must "unzip" a molecule of DNA
Term
During the "unzipping," hydrogen bonds between base pairs are...
Definition
broken and the two strands of molecule unwind
Term
DNA plymearse is an enzyme that combines individual ___________ to produce _____. And __________ new DNA strands
Definition
  • nucleotides
  • DNA
  • proof-reads
Term
Sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base make up what?
Definition
RNA
Term
Difference inbetween DNA and RNA
Definition

DNA

  • deoxyribose (sugar)
  • double stranded
  • thymine

RNA

  • ribose (sugar)
  • single stranded
  • uracil
Term

 What are the three types of RNA?

 

Definition
  1. messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. ribosomal  RNA  (rRNA)
  3. transfer   RNA  (tRNA)
Term
What carries the instructions for assembing amino acids into protein?
Definition
mRNA
Term
_____ and proteins make up ribosomes
Definition
rRNA
Term
What transfers each amino acid trait to its approprate ribosome?
Definition
tRNA
Term
Transcription is a process in which what happens?
Definition
RNA molecules are produced part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complimentary sequence in RNA
Term
RNA Polymearse is an enzyme that does what?
Definition
seperates the DNA strands during transcription
Term
_____ polymearse binds to promoters which have specific base sequence
Definition
RNA
Term
DNA contains what?
Definition
introns and extrons
Term
______ don't code for proteins
Definition
Introns
Term
_______ code for proteins
Definition
Exons
Term
Both introns and exons are copied when?
Definition
RNA molecules are formed
Term
Amino acids join together to form
Definition
polypeptides (protein)
Term
The four bases of RNA are _, _, _, and _?
Definition
A, U, C, and G
Term
Each (3-letter) group in a genetic code is referred to as a(n)?
Definition
codon
Term
Each codon has a specific what?
Definition
amino acid
Term
What is the "start" codon for protein synthesis?
Definition
AUG
Term
What are the "stop" codons that specify the end of a polypeptide?
Definition
UGA, UAA,& UAG
Term
____________ is the decoding of an mRNA into a polypeptide chair
Definition
Translation
Term
Translation takes place on _________
Definition
ribosomes
Term
Translation produces what?
Definition
proteins
Term
What is the first step of translation?
Definition
mRNA must be transcribed from DNA
Term
What is the second step of translation?
Definition
an mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm attatches to a ribosome
Term
What is the third step of translation?
Definition
As each codon of the mRNA moves through the ribosome, the correct amino acid is brought into the ribosome to attatch to the polypeptide chain.
Term
What is the fouth step of translation?
Definition

Each anticodon from tRNA matches up with a codon.

 

Term
What is the fifth step of translation?
Definition
Ribosomes form a peptide bond between the 1st and 2nd amino acid
Term
What is the sixth step of translation?
Definition
The previosuly formed ribosomes break the bond holdingg the tRNA to its amino acids
Term
What is the seventh step of translation?
Definition
the ribosomes moves to the 3rd codon and repeats the process
Term
What is the eighth step of translation?
Definition
When the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA molecues
Term
What is the final step of translation?
Definition
ribosomes release the polypeptide and mRNA
Term
RNA can be compared to as a what of DNA?
Definition
a blueprint
Term
_________ are the proteins building site in the cytoplasm in which RNA molecules go to.
Definition
ribosomes
Term
What are mutations?
Definition
 changes in the DNA sequence that affects genetic information
Term
_________ are mutations that affect one nucleotide and occur at a single point in the DNA sequence.
Definition
Point mutations
Term
Point mutations can do what?
Definition
substitue one nucleotide for another
Term
__________ shift the reading frame of the genetic message.
Definition
frameshift mutations
Term
Frameshifts can do what?
Definition
alter a protein so that it is unable to perform its normal functions
Term
Insertion or deletion would be an example of what type of mutation?
Definition
frameshift mutation
Term
__________ involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes.
Definition
Chromosomal
Term
Chromosomal mutations can do what?
Definition
change the locations of genes or number of copies of genes
Term
What is deletion?
Definition
a loss of all or part of a chromosome
Term
Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, and Transloction are all examples of what?
Definition
chromosomal mutations
Term
What is duplication?
Definition

When a segment of a chromosome is repeated

 

Example

  • down syndrome
Term
What is inversion?
Definition
When part of a chromosomal is oriented in the reverse of the usual direction
Term
What is translocation?
Definition

When part of a chromosome breaks off and attatches to another, homologos chromosome

 

Example

  • Autism
  • Schizophrenia
  • Cancer
Term
Whats the word used for a group of genes that operate together?
Definition
Operon
Term
What do Repressors do?
Definition
"turn off" gernes
Term
_______ tells the cells of the body which organs and structeres to develop into as the body grows.
Definition
Hox Genes
Term
Where are hox genes located?
Definition
in the embryo
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